The Agency theory arises when business unit - amazonia.fiocruz.br

A complex adaptive system is a system that is complex in that it is Tbe dynamic network of interactionsbut the behavior of the ensemble may not click predictable according to the behavior of the components. It is adaptive in that the individual and collective behavior mutate and self-organize corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.

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The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems[6] is an interdisciplinary matter that attempts to blend insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agentsphase transitionand emergent behavior. The term complex adaptive systemsor complexity scienceis often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems.

Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about livingadaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches.

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Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, unkt agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS. The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system. Holland said that CAS "are systems that have a large numbers of components, often called agents, that interact and adapt or learn".

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Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; social insect e. Human social group-based endeavors, such as political partiescommunitiesgeopolitical organizationswarand terrorist networks are also considered CAS.

The term complex adaptive system was coined in by sociologist Walter F. Buckley [19] [20] who proposed a model of cultural evolution which regards psychological Tue socio-cultural systems as analogous with biological species.

Cohen and Robert Axelrod however argue the approach is not social Darwinism or sociobiology because, even though the concepts of variation, interaction and selection can be applied to modelling ' populations of business strategies', for example, the detailed evolutionary mechanisms are often distinctly unbiological. What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system MAS is the focus Agenxy top-level properties and features like self-similaritycomplexityemergence and self-organization.

A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacitygiving them resilience in the face of perturbation.

Other important properties are adaptation or homeostasiscommunication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction.]