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They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U. Department of Health and Human Services. The first 3 recommendations apply to individuals who have a cervix, regardless of their sexual history or HPV vaccination status. These recommendations do not apply to individuals who have been diagnosed with a high-grade precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer.

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These recommendations also do not apply to individuals with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol or those who have a compromised immune system eg, women living with HIV. To read the recommendation statement in JAMAselect here. To read the evidence summary in JAMAselect here. To read the modeling study in JAMAselect here.

It bases its recommendations on the evidence of both the benefits and harms of the service and an assessment of the balance. Clinicians should understand the evidence but individualize decision making to the specific patient or situation. Similarly, the USPSTF notes that policy and coverage decisions involve considerations in addition to the evidence of clinical benefits and harms.

The number of deaths from cervical cancer in the United States have decreased substantially since the implementation of widespread cervical cancer screening and continue to decline, from 2. The USPSTF found convincing evidence that screening with cervical cytology alone, primary testing for high-risk HPV types hrHPV testing alone, or in combination at the same time cotesting can detect high-grade precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer.

The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that the benefits of screening every 3 years with cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years substantially outweigh the harms. The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that the benefits of screening every 3 years with cytology alone, every 5 years with hrHPV testing alone, or in Summafy in women aged 30 to 65 years outweigh the harms.

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The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the benefits of screening in women older than 65 years who https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/perception-checking-examples/economics-is-not-a-science.php had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer do not outweigh the potential harms.

The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the harms of screening in women younger than 21 years outweigh the benefits. The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that the harms of screening in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix for indications other than a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer outweigh the benefits. This recommendation statement applies to all asymptomatic individuals with a cervix, regardless of their sexual history.

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This recommendation statement does not apply to women who have been diagnosed with a high-grade precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer, Amm with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, or women who have a compromised immune system eg, women living with HIV. High-risk HPV infection is associated with nearly all cases of cervical cancer, and women are exposed to hrHPV through sexual intercourse. Although a large proportion of HPV infections resolve spontaneously, the high likelihood of exposure to hrHPV means that women are at risk for precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Certain risk factors increase risk for cervical cancer, including HIV infection, a compromised immune system, in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, and previous treatment of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer. Women with these risk factors are not included in this recommendation and should receive individualized follow-up.]