Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction Evolution Of Plant - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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A fungus plural : fungi [2] or funguses [3] is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and moldsas well as the more familiar Moleculag. These organisms are classified as a kingdomwhich is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls.

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Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs ; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobilityexcept for spores a few of which are flagellatedwhich may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota true fungi or Eumyceteswhich share a common ancestor from a monophyletic groupan Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction Evolution Of Plant that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics.

This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes slime molds and oomycetes water molds. In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botanyalthough it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants. Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruitingeither as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment.

They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles ; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as winebeerand soy sauce.

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Plang the s, fungi have been used for the production of antibioticsand, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxinssuch as alkaloids and polyketidesthat are toxic to animals including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional spiritual ceremonies.

Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases e. The fungus kingdom encompasses an enormous diversity of taxa with varied ecologies, life cycle strategies, and morphologies ranging from unicellular aquatic chytrids to large mushrooms. However, little is known of the true biodiversity of Kingdom Fungi, which has been estimated at 2. Advances in molecular genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits. Phylogenetic studies published Feedback Introduction Finance the first decade of the 21st century have helped reshape the classification PPlant Kingdom Fungi, which is divided into one subkingdomseven Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction Evolution Of Plantand ten subphyla.

PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS:MOLECULAR AND GENETIC PERSPECTIVES VOL III (HB)

The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus mushroomused in the writings of Horace and Pliny. A group of all the fungi present in a particular area or geographic region is known as mycobiota plural noun, no singulare. Before the introduction of molecular methods for phylogenetic analysis, taxonomists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because of similarities in lifestyle: both fungi and plants are mainly immobileand have similarities in general morphology and growth habitat.

Like plants, fungi often grow in soil and, in the case of mushroomsform conspicuous fruit bodieswhich sometimes resemble plants such as mosses. The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago around the start of the Neoproterozoic Era.

Most fungi lack an efficient system for the long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants. To overcome this limitation, some fungi, such as Armillariaform rhizomorphs[32] which resemble and perform functions similar to the roots of plants.

As eukaryotes, fungi possess a biosynthetic pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks. Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with high salt concentrations [36] or ionizing radiation[37] as well as in deep sea sediments.]