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Importance of Scribes in Ancient Egypt.

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The term civilization often elicits mostly idealized images of ancient empires, monumental architecture, and the luxurious lives of ruling classes. Civilization, however, is a tricky term. In the United States, students of history studied Western Civilization, almost exclusively, through the s. In their studies, civilizations were advanced societies with urban centers, rooted in European or Middle Eastern culture. However, more recent scholars have definitely broadened the geographical focus by recognizing that worldwide from to BCE at least seven independent civilizations emerged in different regions. These recent scholars also continue to debate the definition of civilization, and the current compromise amongst World Historians is to recognize characteristics that civilizations tended to share. Common characteristics of civilizations included food surpluses, higher population densities, social stratification, systems of taxation, labor specialization, regular trade, and accumulated learning or knowledge passed down from generation to generation. The list here is not all-inclusive by any means, but it indicates the complexity of the societies that scholars have labeled civilizations. In addition to heated debates about its exact definition, civilization is a loaded term, meaning that it can contain a value judgment. If we use the term carelessly, it seems to indicate that some societies are deemed civilized and worthy of inclusion, while others are uncivilized and thus not worth our study.

Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted more than years, showing an Importnace continuity. While today we marvel at the glittering treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun, the sublime reliefs in New Kingdom tombs, and the serene beauty of Old Kingdom statuary, it is important to remember that the majority of these works were never intended to be seen.

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You could say that Egypt provided the building Ipmortance for Greek and Roman culture, and, through them, influenced all of the Western tradition. Today, Egyptian imagery, concepts, and perspectives are found everywhere; you Ijportance find them in architectural forms, on money, and in our day to day lives. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted for more than years and showed an incredible amount of continuity. That is more than 15 times the age of the United States, and consider how often our culture shifts; less than 10 years ago, there was no Facebook, Twitter, or Youtube. It took humans nearly years to build something—anything—taller than the Great Pyramids.

Contrast that span to the modern era; we get excited when a record lasts longer than a decade. The earliest royal monuments, such as the Narmer Palette carved around B. This is why, especially to the untrained eye, their art appears extremely static—and in terms of symbols, gestures, and the way Importance of Scribes in Ancient Egypt body is rendered, it was.

It was intentional. The Egyptians were aware of their consistency, which they viewed as stability, divine balance, and clear evidence of the correctness of their culture. This consistency was closely related to a fundamental belief that depictions had an impact beyond the image itself—tomb scenes of the deceased receiving food, Scribfs temple scenes of the king performing perfect rituals for the gods—were functionally causing those things to occur in the divine realm.

This belief led to an active resistance to change in codified depictions. The earliest recorded tourist graffiti on the planet came from a visitor from the time of Ramses II who left their appreciative mark at the already year-old site of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the earliest of the massive royal stone monuments. They were understandably impressed by the works of their ancestors and endeavored to continue that ancient legacy. Egypt is a land of duality and cycles, both in topography and culture. The geography is almost entirely rugged, barren desert, except for an explosion of green that straddles either side of the Nile as it flows the length of the country.

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The river emerges from far to the south, Importance of Scribes in Ancient Egypt in Africa, and empties into the Mediterranean sea in the north after spreading from a single channel into a fan-shaped system, known as a delta, at its northernmost section. The influence of this river on Egyptian culture and development cannot be overstated—without its presence, the civilization would have been entirely different. The Nile provided not only a constant source of life-giving water, but created the fertile lands that fed the growth of this unique and uniquely resilient culture.

Each year, fed by melting snows in the far-off headlands, the river overflowed its banks in an annual flood that covered the ground with a rich, black silt and produced incredibly fertile fields. The visual effect is stark, appearing almost artificial in its precision. The annual inundation of the Nile was also a reliable, and measurable, cycle that helped form their concept of the passage of time. In fact, the calendar we use today is derived from one developed by the ancient Egyptians. Although this annual cycle, paired with the daily solar cycle that is so evident in the desert, led to a powerful drive to see the universe in cyclical time, this idea existed simultaneously with the reality of linear time.

These two concepts—the cyclical and the linear—came to be associated with two of their primary deities: Osiris, the eternal lord Importance of Scribes in Ancient Egypt the dead, and Re, the sun god who was reborn with each dawn.

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The civilization of Egypt obviously did not Eghpt fully formed from the Nile mud; although the massive pyramids at Giza may appear to the uninitiated to have appeared out of nowhere, they were founded on thousands of years of cultural and technological development and experimentation. The period before this, lasting from about B. Prior to this were thriving Paleolithic and Neolithic groups, stretching back hundreds of thousands of years, descended from northward migrating homo erectus who settled along the Nile Valley.

During the Predynastic period, ceramics, figurines, mace heads, and other artifacts such as slate palettes used mIportance grinding pigments, begin to appear, as does imagery that will become iconic during the Pharaonic era—we can see the first hints of what is to come. It is important to recognize that Importance of Scribes in Ancient Egypt dynastic divisions modern scholars use were not used by the ancients themselves. These divisions were created in the first Western-style history of Egypt, written by an Egyptian priest named Manetho in the 3rd century B. Each of the 33 dynasties included a series of rulers usually related by kinship or the location of their seat of power.

The Egyptians themselves referred to their history in relation to the ruler of the time.]