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It is by far the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country ; with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two.

Additionally, it is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula, and the only one that is not a microstate. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

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The official language is Sesotho. Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutolandbut it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October The name Lesotho roughly translates to "the land of the people who speak Sesotho". The original inhabitants of Lesotho were the San people. Examples of their rock art can be found in the mountains throughout the area.

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Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around Between andhe and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the Lifaqane associated with the reign of Shaka Zulu from to Further evolution of the state emerged from conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its Why Literacy Rate Of South Africa Is from the French-allied Dutch by the British inand also from the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State. Casalis, acting as translator and providing advice on foreign affairs, helped set up diplomatic channels and acquire guns for use against the encroaching Europeans and the Griqua people. Trekboers from the Cape Colony arrived on the western borders of Basutoland and claimed rights to its land, the first of which being Jan de Winnaar, who settled in the Matlakeng area in May—June Incoming Boers attempted to colonise the land between the two rivers and even north of the Caledonclaiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people.

These outraged Boers were suppressed in a brief skirmish in Ina British force was defeated by the Basotho army at Why Literacy Rate Of South Africa Is, provoking an embarrassing war for the British. After repelling another British attack inMoshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander that settled the dispute diplomatically, and then defeated the Batlokoa in Inthe British pulled out of the region, and inMoshoeshoe fought a series of wars with the Boers in what is known as the Free State—Basotho War.

As a result, Moshoeshoe lost a great portion of the western lowlands. The last war with the Boers ended in when Moshoeshoe appealed to Queen Victoriawho agreed to make Basutoland a British protectorate in please click for source Inthe British signed a treaty at Aliwal North with the Boers that defined the boundaries of Basutoland.

This treaty effectively reduced Moshoeshoe's kingdom to half its previous size by ceding away its western territories. Following the cession inthe British transferred functions from Moshoeshoe's capital in Thaba Bosiu to a police camp on the northwest border, Maseruuntil eventually the administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony in Moshoeshoe died on 11 Marchmarking the end of the traditional era and the beginning of the colonial era of Basutoland.

He was buried at Thaba Bosiu.

Rxte the Cape Colony period between andBasutoland was treated similarly to other territories that had been forcibly annexed, much to the humiliation of the Basotho, leading to the Basuto Gun War in — Inthe territory became a Crown colony by the name of Basutolandwith Maseru as its capital.]