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The non-aggression principle NAPalso called the Ot axiomthe non-coercion principlethe non-initiation of force and the zero aggression principleis a concept in which "aggression", defined as initiating or threatening any forceful interference with either an individual or their property, [note 1] is inherently wrong. The non-aggression principle has existed in various forms.

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A number of authors have created their own formulation of the harm principle which NAP supporters argue as a form of non-aggression principle. Both supporters and opponents of abortion rights amongst right-libertarians justify their position on NAP grounds. One question to determine whether or not abortion is consistent with the NAP is at what stage of development a Anf human egg cell can be considered a human being with the status and rights attributed to personhood.

Some supporters of the NAP argue this occurs at the moment of conception while others argue that since the fetus lacks sentience until a certain stage of development, it does not qualify as a human being and may be considered property of the mother. On the other hand, link of abortion state that sentience is not a qualifying factor.

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They refer to the animal rights discussion and point out the argument from marginal cases that Patdrnalism the NAP also applies to non-sentient i. Another question is whether an unwelcome fetus should be considered to be an unauthorized trespasser in its mother's body. The Pros And Cons Of Libertarian Paternalism philosopher Leonard Peikoff has argued that a fetus has no right to life inside the womb because it is not an "independently existing, biologically formed organism, let alone a go here. Libertarian The Pros And Cons Of Libertarian Paternalism Walter Block follows this line of argument with his theory of evictionismbut he makes a distinction between evicting the fetus prematurely so that it dies and actively killing it.

On the other hand, the theory of Paernalism permits only Librtarian non-lethal eviction of the trespassing fetus during a normal pregnancy. Pro-life libertarians such as Libertarians for Life argue that because the parents were actively involved in creating a new human life and that life has not consented to his or her own existence, that life is in the womb by necessity and no parasitism or trespassing in the form of legal necessity is involved. They state that as the parents are responsible for that life's position, the NAP would be violated when that life is killed with abortive techniques. The NAP has been defined [ citation needed ] as applicable to any unauthorized actions towards a person's physical property. Supporters of the NAP disagree on whether it should apply to intellectual property rights as well as physical property rights.

Although the NAP is meant to guarantee an individual's sovereignty, libertarians greatly differ on the conditions under which the NAP applies. Especially unsolicited intervention by others, either to prevent society from being harmed by the individual's actions or to prevent an incompetent individual from being harmed by his own actions or inactions, is an important issue. Some libertarians justify the existence of a minimal state on the grounds that anarcho-capitalism implies that the non-aggression principle is optional because the enforcement of laws is open to competition.

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Anarcho-capitalists usually respond to this argument that this presumed outcome of what they call "coercive competition" e. PMCs or PDAs that enforce local law is not likely because of the very high cost, in lives and economically, of war.

They claim that war drains those involved and leaves non-combatant parties as the most powerful, economically and militarily, ready to take over. Anarcho-capitalists aligned with the Rothbardian philosophy generally contend that the state violates the non-aggression principle by its very nature because, it is argued, governments necessarily use force against those who have not stolen private propertyvandalized private propertyassaulted anyoneor committed fraud.

Some proponents of the NAP see taxes as a violation of NAPwhile critics of the NAP argue that because of the free-rider problem in case security is a public goodenough funds would not be obtainable by voluntary means to protect individuals from aggression of a greater severity. The latter therefore accept taxation, and consequently a breach of NAP with regard to any free-riders, as long as no more is levied Paternaliam is necessary to optimise protection of individuals against aggression.

Anarcho-capitalists argue that the protection of individuals against aggression Ahd self-sustaining like any other valuable service, and that it can be supplied without coercion by the free The Pros And Cons Of Libertarian Paternalism much more effectively and efficiently than by a government monopoly.

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Supporters of the NAP often appeal to it in order to argue for the immorality of theftvandalismassaultand fraud. Compared to nonviolencethe non-aggression principle does not preclude violence used in self-defense or defense of others. NAP is the foundation of libertarian philosophy.

NAP faces two kinds of criticism: the first holds that the principle is immoral, and the second argues that it is impossible to apply consistently in practice; respectively, consequentialist or deontological criticisms, and inconsistency criticisms.]