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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.

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A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled output power can be higher than the controlling input power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. Austro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor inbut it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The three shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radioscalculatorsand computersamong other things.

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Most transistors are made from very pure siliconand some from Nigsribut certain other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices.

Compared with the vacuum tubetransistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers. The thermionic triodea vacuum tube invented inenabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a substantial amount of power. Inphysicist William Eccles discovered the crystal diode oscillator.

Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the s and s, even if such a device had been built.

The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. Having unearthed Lilienfeld's patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, Integrated Reporting Of Nigeri Where We Are Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in was the first point-contact transistor.

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Wjere Shockley's research team initially attempted to build a field-effect transistor FETby trying to modulate Reportlng conductivity of a semiconductorbut was unsuccessful, mainly due to problems with the surface statesthe dangling bondand the germanium and copper click at this page materials. In the course of trying to understand the mysterious reasons behind their failure to build a working FET, this led them instead to invent the bipolar point-contact and junction transistors. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transition" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network and filed his first transistor patent application on August 13, The first bipolar junction transistors were invented by Bell Labs' William Shockley, which applied for patent 2, on June 26, Bell Labs had announced the discovery of this new "sandwich" transistor in a press release on July 4, The first high-frequency transistor was the surface-barrier germanium transistor developed by Philco incapable of operating up to 60 MHz.

Indium electroplated into the depressions formed the collector and emitter. It was a near pocket-sized radio featuring 4 transistors and one Integrated Reporting Of Nigeri Where We Are diode. The industrial design was outsourced to the Chicago firm of Painter, Teague and Petertil.

It was initially released in one of six different colours: black, ivory, mandarin red, cloud grey, mahogany and olive green. Other colours were to shortly follow. The first "production" all-transistor car radio was developed by Chrysler and Philco corporations and it was announced in the April 28, edition of the Wall Street Journal. Chrysler had made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model HR, available as an option starting in fall for its new line of Chrysler and Imperial cars which first hit the dealership showroom floors on October 21, The Sony TR, released inwas the first mass-produced transistor radio, leading to the mass-market penetration of transistor radios.

The first working silicon transistor was developed Integrated Reporting Of Nigeri Where We Are Bell Labs on January 26,by Morris Tanenbaum. The first commercial silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in This was the work of Gordon Tealan expert in growing crystals of high purity, who had previously worked at Bell Labs.

Semiconductor companies initially focused on junction transistors in the early years of the semiconductor industry.]