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Vaccines typically require years of research and testing before reaching the clinic, but inscientists embarked on a race to produce safe and effective coronavirus vaccines in record time. Researchers are currently testing 67 te in clinical trials on humans, and 20 have reached the final stages of testing.

At least 89 preclinical vaccines are under active investigation in animals. Below is a list of all vaccines that have reached trials in humans, along with a selection of promising vaccines being tested in animals.

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For an explanation of eight leading vaccines, see How Covid Vaccines Work. The development cycle of a vaccine, from lab to clinic. Phase 3 trials are also large enough to reveal evidence of relatively rare side effects. ChinaRussia and other countries have begun administering vaccines before detailed Phase 3 trial data has been made public. Experts have warned of serious risks from jumping ahead of these results.

After an investigation, the trial may resume or be abandoned. It was the first time anyone had found such evidence. Just over a month later, on Dec. The vaccine contains genetic instructions for building a Developimg protein, known as spike. When injected into cells, the vaccine causes them to make spike proteins, which then get released into the body and provoke a response from the immune system.

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They gave the vaccine the generic name tozinameran and the brand name Comirnaty The researchers found that Comirnaty caused volunteers to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells called T cells that respond to the virus. On Sept. Through the summer and into the fall, the world focused Irnian and more of its attention on the Pfizer-BioNTech trial. In September, Dr. Albert Bourla, the chief executive of Pfizer, said the Phase 3 trial would deliver enough results as soon as October to show if the vaccine worked or not. President Trump touted their progress, hinting that a vaccine would be available before the election.

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But on Oct. Bourla announced that the volunteers in the trial had yet to experience enough cases of Covid to determine if the vaccines work. Finally, on Nov. Over the next month, Pfizer and BioNTech released more data on more cases.

On Dec. Englisy determined that the Comirnaty has an efficacy rate of 95 percent. While Comirnaty caused no serious side effects, it frequently caused short-lived fatigue, fever, and muscle aches. These impressive results led rapidly to authorizations across the world. Injections began on Dec. In the weeks that followed, many more countries authoriazed Comirnaty, and on Dec.]