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And the First Minister has been told she cannot expect a huge dividend even if Scotland rejoined the EU either - with the London School of Academics analysis suggesting such an outcome would make no difference. Academics from the London School of Economics' Centre for Economic Performance say the economic costs of independence are two or three times greater than Brexit due to the volume of Scotland 's trade with the rest of the UK. Study authors Hanwei Huang, Thomas Sampson and Patrick Schneider said the economic impact of Brexit would become clear after 10 to 15 years - but the economic impact of Scottish independence could take even longer to gauge. Professor Huang said: "This analysis shows that, at least from a trade perspective, independence would leave Scotland considerably poorer than staying in the United Kingdom. Prof Sampson said: "We find that the costs of independence to the Scottish economy are likely to be two to three times greater than the costs of Brexit. The report concludes the losses from independence are similar regardless of whether an independent Scotland rejoins the EU or maintains a common market with the UK. Together, Brexit and independence without rejoining the EU are estimated to reduce long-run Scottish income per capita by around 6. However, they said these were both likely to be underestimates as there could also be impacts on productivity. The LSE team did not consider other effects of independence such as changes in investment flows, fiscal arrangements or Scotland's currency. A Brief Note On Dutch Scottish And

It was first used by John Hampden in late Despite his CatholicismJames became king in February with widespread support as many feared his exclusion would lead to a repetition of the — Wars of the Three Kingdoms. When his son James Nofe Edward was born on 10 Junehe replaced Mary as heir under the principle of male primogeniturecreating the prospect of a Catholic dynasty.

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Added to this was the political instability caused by James suspending the Scottish and English Parliaments in and ruling by personal decree. Their acquittal on 30 June sparked public celebrations throughout England and Scotland, which turned into widespread anti-Catholic riots and destroyed James's political authority.

Concerned at the prospect of English resources being used against him, in April William explored the option of military intervention to 'secure' his wife's succession. Initially reluctant to support such a move, the June events convinced a broad coalition of English politicians to formally invite him to do so.

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On 5 November, William landed in Torbay with 14, men; as he advanced on London, the bulk of the 30,strong Royal Army deserted and James went into exile on 23 December. While the Revolution itself was quick and relatively bloodless, pro- Stuart revolts in Scotland and Ireland caused significant casualties. Despite his Catholicism, James became king in with widespread support, as demonstrated by the rapid defeat of the Argyll and Monmouth Rebellions ; less than four years later, he was forced into exile.

Why people backed James in —but abandoned him in —is a complex question, and not one easily answered by generalizations. The first Stuart monarch, James VI and Icreated a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from Godand where the function of Parliament was Scottihs to obey. Charles II preferred using the Royal Prerogative since legislation passed in this way could be withdrawn as and when he decided, not Parliament. Concerns James intended to create an absolute monarchy led to the to Exclusion Crisisdividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' him from the throne, mostly Whigsand their opponents, mostly Tories.

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However, in many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England. Most importantly, it was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to Mary of Modena remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne. There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion. In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this was not the case in Ireland. While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants. The Church of Ireland A Brief Note On Dutch Scottish And on the Crown for its survival, while Ulster was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies.

However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in the military or holding public office, and land reform.

Catholic and Protestant merchants in Dublin and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors. While James' supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed its extension into public life; from the start, opposition to his religious policies was led by devout Anglicans. In demanding Parliament approve these measures, James was not only breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same; they refused to comply, despite being "the most Loyal Parliament a Stuart ever had".

Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an Absolute monarchyhis stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result. When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the and Test Actshe suspended them in November and ruled by decree. Attempts to form a 'King's party' A Brief Note On Dutch Scottish And Catholics, English Dissenters and dissident Scottish Presbyterians was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the rebellions and undermined his supporters. Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed. In October Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau revoking it for French Protestants ; over the next four years, an estimatedtowent into exile, 40, of whom settled in London. The majority of those who backed James in did so because they wanted stability and the rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions.]