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Archaeology or archeology [1] is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

Archaeology is often considered a branch of socio-cultural anthropology, but archaeologists also draw from biological, geological, and environmental systems through read article study of the past. The archaeological record consists of artifactsarchitecturebiofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. Archaeologists study human prehistory and historyfrom the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3. It is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for whom there may be no written records to study.

The discipline involves surveyingexcavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research.

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Archaeology developed out of antiquarianism in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced across the world. Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with pseudoarchaeologythe looting of artifacts, [9] a lack of Under this section by analyzing a past interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. Antiquarianism focused on the empirical evidence that existed for the understanding of the past, encapsulated in the motto of the 18th-century antiquary, Sir Richard Colt Hoare"We speak from facts not theory". Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment era rhis Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Imperial China during the Song dynastyfigures such as Ouyang Xiu [16] and Zhao Mingcheng established the tradition of Chinese epigraphy by investigating, preserving, and Undder ancient Chinese bronze inscriptions from the Shang and Zhou periods.

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In Renaissance Europephilosophical interest in the remains of Greco - Roman civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late Middle Ages. Flavio Biondoan Italian Renaissance humanist historian, created a systematic guide to the ruins and topography of ancient Rome in the early 15th century, for which he has been called an early founder of archaeology.

Antiquarians of the 16th century, including John Leland and William Camdenconducted surveys of the English countryside, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments that they encountered. The OED first cites "archaeologist" from ; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity.

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One of the first Umder to undergo archaeological excavation was Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments in England. Article source Aubrey — was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes. These excavations began in in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of frescoshad a big impact throughout Europe.

However, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as stratification and context were overlooked. The father of archaeological excavation was William Cunnington —]