Romanticism in Music - amazonia.fiocruz.br

In Romanicism to Enlightenment's mechanistic natural philosophyEuropean scientists of the Romantic period held that observing nature implied understanding the self and that knowledge of nature "should not be obtained by force". They felt that the Enlightenment had encouraged the abuse of the sciences, and they sought to advance a new way to increase scientific knowledge, one that they felt i be more beneficial not only to mankind but to nature as well. Romanticism advanced a number of themes: it promoted anti- reductionism that the whole is more valuable than the parts alone and epistemological optimism man was connected to natureand encouraged creativity, experience, and genius.

Romanticism declined beginning around as a new movement, positivismtook hold of intellectuals, and lasted until about As with the intellectuals who earlier had become Muwic with the Enlightenment and had sought Describe the Type Memory new approach to science, people now lost interest in Romanticism and sought to study science using a stricter process. As the Enlightenment had a firm hold in France during the last decades of the 18th century, the Romantic view on science was a movement click flourished in Romanticism in Music Britain and especially Germany in the first half of the 19th century. The Romantic movement, however, resulted as an increasing dislike by many intellectuals for the tenets promoted by the Enlightenment; it was felt by some that Enlightened thinkers' emphasis on rational thought through deductive reasoning and the mathematization of natural philosophy had created an approach to science that was too cold and that attempted to Romanticism in Music nature, rather than to peacefully co-exist with nature.

According to the philosophes of the Enlightenment, the path to complete knowledge required dissection of information on any given subject and a division of knowledge into subcategories of subcategories, known as reductionism.

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This was considered Romanticism in Music in order to build upon the knowledge of the ancients, such as Ptolemyand Renaissance thinkers, such as CopernicusKeplerand Galileo. It was widely believed that man's sheer intellectual power alone was sufficient to understanding every aspect of nature. Examples of prominent Enlightenment scholars include Sir Isaac Newton physics and mathematicsGottfried Leibniz philosophy and mathematicsand Carl Linnaeus botanist and physician.

Romanticism had four basic principles: "the original click Romanticism in Music man and nature in a Golden Age ; the subsequent separation of man from nature and the fragmentation of human faculties; the interpretability of the history of the universe in human, spiritual terms; and the possibility of salvation through the contemplation of nature.

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Romantic thinkers sought to reunite man with nature and therefore his natural state. To Romantics, "science must not bring Romanticism in Music any split Romanticism in Music nature and man. They saw the Enlightenment as the "cold-hearted attempt to extort knowledge from nature" that placed man above nature rather than as a harmonious part of it; conversely, they wanted to "improvise on nature as a great instrument.

Natural science, according to the Romantics, involved rejecting mechanical metaphors in favor of organic ones; in other words, they chose to view the world as composed of living beings with sentiments, rather than objects that merely function. Sir Humphry Musia prominent Romantic thinker, said that Mussic nature required "an attitude of admiration, love and Romanticism in Music, Self-understanding was an important aspect of Romanticism. It had less to do with proving that man was capable of understanding nature through his budding intellect and therefore controlling it, and more to do with the emotional appeal of connecting himself with nature and understanding it through a harmonious co-existence. When categorizing the many disciplines of science that developed during this period, Romantics believed that explanations of various phenomena should be based upon vera causawhich meant that already known causes would visit web page similar effects elsewhere.

In Friedrich Schelling 's Naturphilosophiehe explained his thesis regarding the necessity of reuniting man with nature; it was this German Musjc that first defined the Romantic conception of science and vision of natural philosophy. He called nature "a history of the path to freedom" and encouraged a reunion of man's spirit with nature.

Romanticism in Music "new science of biology" was first termed biologie Romanticixm Jean-Baptiste Lamarck inand was "an independent scientific discipline born at the end of a long process of erosion of 'mechanical philosophy,' consisting in a spreading awareness that the phenomena of living nature cannot read article understood in the light of the laws of physics but Romanticisk an ad hoc explanation. Lamarck stated Romanticism in Music the life sciences must detach from the physical sciences and strove to create a field of research that was different from the concepts, laws, and principles of physics. Johann Goethe 's experiments with optics were the direct result of his application of Romantic ideals of observation and disregard for Newton's own work with optics.

He believed that color was not an outward physical phenomenon but internal to the human; Newton concluded that white light was a mixture of the other colors, but Goethe believed he had disproved this claim by his observational experiments.

He thus placed emphasis on the human ability to see the color, the human ability to gain knowledge through Romanticism in Music of insight", and not a mathematical equation that could analytically describe it. Alexander von Humboldt was a staunch advocate of empirical data collection and the necessity of the natural scientist in using experience and quantification to understand nature.

He sought to find the unity of nature, and his books Aspects of Nature and Kosmos lauded the aesthetic qualities of Romanticism in Music natural world by describing natural science in religious tones. Romanticism also played a large role in Natural history, particularly in biological evolutionary theory. Nichols examines the visit web page between science and poetry in the English-speaking world during the 18th and 19th centuries, focusing on the works of American natural historian William Bartram and British naturalist Charles Romanticism in Music. Bartram's Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida described the flora, fauna, and landscapes of the American South with a cadence and energy that lent itself to mimicry Rkmanticism became a source of inspiration to such Romantic poets of the era as William WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridgeand William Blake.

Darwin's work, including On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selectionmarked an end to the Romantic era, when using nature as a source of Mjsic inspiration was commonplace, Romanticism in Music led to the rise of Romznticism and the use of analogy in the arts. Alexander argues that the nature of mathematics changed in the 19th century from an intuitive, hierarchical, and narrative practice used to solve real-world problems to a theoretical one in which logic, rigor, and internal consistency rather than application were important.

Unexpected new fields emerged, such as non-Euclidean geometry and statistics, as well as group theory, set theory and symbolic logic. The greatest of the Romantic mathematicians was Carl Friedrich Gauss —who made major contributions in many branches of mathematics. For him the aim of natural philosophy was to detach itself from utility and become an autonomous enterprise, and he shared the Romantic belief that man himself and his interaction with nature was at the focal point of natural philosophy.

Astronomer William Herschel — and his sister Caroline Herschel —were dedicated to the study of the stars; they changed the public conception of the solar system, the Milky Way, and the meaning of the universe.]