Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior - can

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including relating to individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from the other social sciences — anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology — in that psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behavior of individuals. Whereas biology and neuroscience study the biological or neural processes and how they relate to the mental effects they subjectively produce, psychology is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior on a systemic level. The subfield of neuropsychology studies the actual neural processes while biological psychology studies the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior

Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior Video

Personality Theories: Eight Major Approaches - Psyched with Setmire

Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals.

Although behaviorists generally accept the important role of heredity in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental events. It combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. Behaviorism emerged in the early s as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested Prespectives, but derived from earlier research in the late nineteenth century, such as when Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effecta procedure that involved the use of consequences to strengthen or weaken behavior.

With a publication, Hhman B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events. It was not until Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior s that B. Skinner suggested that covert behavior—including cognition and emotions—subjects to the same controlling variables as observable behavior, which became the basis for his philosophy called radical behaviorism. The application of radical behaviorism—known as applied behavior analysis —is used in a variety of contexts, including, for example, applied animal behavior and organizational behavior management to treatment of mental disorders, such as autism and substance abuse.

Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the experimental analysis of behavior.

This viewpoint differs from Psrspectives approaches to behavioral research in various ways, but, most notably here, it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings, states of mind and introspection as behaviors also subject to scientific investigation. Like methodological behaviorism, it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior, and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology.

Navigation menu

Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions, such as American pragmatism. Although John B. Watson mainly emphasized his position of methodological behaviorism throughout his career, Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the renowned Little Albert experimenta study in which Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior Pavlov 's theory to respondent conditioning was first applied to eliciting a fearful reflex of crying in a human infant, and this became the launching point for understanding covert behavior or private events in radical behaviorism. InSkinner observed the emotions of two pigeons by noting that they appeared angry because their feathers ruffled. The pigeons were placed together Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior an operant chamber, where they were aggressive as a consequence of previous reinforcement in the environment. Through stimulus control and subsequent discrimination training, whenever Skinner turned off the green light, the pigeons came to notice that the food reinforcer is discontinued following each peck and responded without aggression.

Skinner concluded that humans also learn aggression and possess such emotions as well as other private events no differently than do nonhuman animals.

This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner's early experimental work with rats and pigeons, summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms Psychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior and Schedules of Reinforcement. In contrast with the idea of a physiological or reflex response, an operant is a class of structurally distinct but functionally equivalent responses.

For example, while a rat might press a lever with its left paw or its right paw or its tail, all of these responses operate on the world in the same way and have a common consequence. Operants are often thought of as species of responses, where the individuals differ but the class coheres in its function-shared consequences with operants and reproductive success with species. This is a clear distinction between Skinner's theory and S—R theory.

Skinner's empirical work expanded on earlier research on trial-and-error learning by researchers such as Thorndike and Guthrie with Perspechives conceptual reformulations—Thorndike's notion of a stimulus—response "association" or "connection" was abandoned; and methodological ones—the use of the "free operant", so called because the animal was now permitted to respond at its own rate rather than in a series of trials determined by the experimenter procedures.]