Ethics Is The Art And Discipline Of - amazonia.fiocruz.br

An academic discipline or academic field is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined in part and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties within colleges https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/writing-practice-test-online/mafia.php universities to which their practitioners belong.

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Academic disciplines are conventionally divided into the humanitiesincluding language, art and cultural studies, and the scientific disciplinessuch as physicschemistryand biology ; the social sciences are sometimes Discipkine a third category. Individuals associated with academic disciplines are commonly referred to as experts or specialists. Others, who may have studied liberal arts or systems theory rather than concentrating in a specific academic discipline, are classified as generalists. For example, professionals may encounter trouble communicating across academic disciplines because of differences in language, specified concepts or here. Some researchers Ethixs that academic disciplines may, in the future, be replaced by what is known as Mode 2 [1] or "post-academic science", [2] which involves the acquisition of cross-disciplinary knowledge through collaboration of specialists from various academic disciplines.

Also known as a field of studyfield of inquiryresearch Ethics Is The Art And Discipline Of and branch of knowledge. The different terms are used in different countries and fields. Disciplinary designations originated in German universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century. Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century secularization of universities, when the traditional curricula were supplemented with non-classical languages and literaturessocial sciences such as political scienceeconomicssociology and public administrationand natural science and technology disciplines such as physicschemistrybiologyand engineering.

In the early twentieth century, new academic disciplines such as education and psychology were added.

In the s and s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as media studieswomen's studiesand Africana studies. Many academic disciplines designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as nursinghospitality managementand correctionsalso emerged in the universities. Finally, interdisciplinary scientific fields of study such as biochemistry and geophysics gained prominence as their contribution to knowledge became widely recognized. Some new disciplines, such as public administrationcan be found in more than one disciplinary setting; some public administration programs are associated with business schools thus emphasizing the public management aspectwhile others are linked to the political science field emphasizing the policy analysis aspect.

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As the twentieth century approached, these Arh were gradually adopted by other countries and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between various countries. The social science disciplines included: economicspoliticssociologyand psychology.

Prior to the twentieth century, categories were broad and general, which was expected due to the lack of interest in science at the time. With rare exceptions, practitioners of science tended to be amateurs and were referred to as "natural historians" and "natural philosophers"—labels that date back to Aristotle—instead of "scientists". Prior to the twentieth century, few opportunities existed for science as an occupation outside the educational system.

Higher education provided the institutional structure for scientific investigation, as Ethics Is The Art And Discipline Of as economic support for research and teaching. Soon, the volume of scientific information rapidly increased and researchers realized the importance of concentrating on smaller, narrower fields of scientific activity. Because of this narrowing, scientific specializations emerged. As these specializations developed, modern Anc disciplines in universities also improved their sophistication.

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Eventually, academia's identified disciplines became the foundations for scholars of specific specialized interests and expertise. An influential critique of the concept of academic disciplines came from Michel Foucault in his book, Discipline and Punish. Foucault asserts that academic disciplines originate from the Ethics Is The Art And Discipline Of social movements and mechanisms of control that established the modern prison and penal system in eighteenth-century Franceand that this fact reveals essential aspects they continue to have in common: "The disciplines characterize, classify, specialize; they distribute along a scale, around a norm, hierarchize individuals in relation to one another and, if necessary, disqualify and invalidate. Communities of academic disciplines can be found outside academia within corporations, government agencies, and independent organizations, where they take the form of associations of professionals with common interests and specific knowledge.

Communities such as these exist to benefit the organizations affiliated with them by providing specialized new ideas, research, and findings. Nations at various developmental stages will find need for different iDscipline disciplines during different times of growth. A newly developing nation will likely prioritize government, political matters and engineering over those of the humanities, arts and social sciences. On the other hand, a well-developed nation may be capable of investing more in the arts and social sciences. Communities of academic disciplines would contribute at varying levels of importance during different stages of development. Multidisciplinary knowledge is associated with more than one existing academic discipline or profession. A multidisciplinary community or project is made up of people from different academic disciplines and professions.

These people are engaged in working together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.]