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A new report has shown that competition for resources required for crop farming and grazing is the main cause of the conflict between Hausa farmers and Fulani herders in the northwestern part of Nigeria. These include kidnapping, robbery, and illicit trade in drugs and solid minerals, causing insecurity and violence within the region. The factors that have triggered conflicts in recent years, according to the study, are climatic and environmental changes and demographic pressures as well as government policy. ICG findings show that diminishing water sources and an increase in desert or semi-desert conditions have reduced both arable land and pasture. With an estimated death toll of approximately 2, people in , these clashes are becoming as potentially dangerous as the Boko Haram insurgency in the northeast. From , the violence claimed an estimated 8, lives, based on a joint assessment by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Migrants, and Internally Displaced Persons. More so, a total of , persons were displaced from towns across the northwestern region. Herders are involved in violence with farming populations in the Middle Belt and further south, as well as Hausa farming groups in the northwest, which is commonly regarded as the core north. Hence, the perspective may help Nigerians to understand the herder-farmer conflict in the country as one not caused essentially by ethnoreligious expansionist agenda but competition for resources in the context of ecological degradation and unchecked population growth. Ethnicity and religion as well as weak governance may have only drawn out the conflict and made a solution rarely possible.

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Journal articles downloaded from Sci-Hub, an illegal site of pirated materials, were cited nearly twice as many times as non-downloaded articles, reports a new paper published online in the journal, Scientometrics. The first author is Juan C. The study is based on a dataset released by journalist John Bohannon in that provided counts of papers downloaded from Sci-Hub between September and February Nonetheless, Correa reports that Sci-Hub is a strong predictor of future citations. He writes:. Our purpose, in this sense, should be differentiated from that of the scientific enterprise itself that aims at providing an ultimate theoretical development along with its corresponding exhaustive empirical analysis that discards the possibility of alternative hypotheses. When using uncontrolled observational data, a researcher should attempt to rule out other plausible explanations.

In economicshyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation.

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It https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/pathetic-fallacy-examples/over-the-many-years-pigs-have-developed.php erodes the real value of the local currencyas the prices of all goods increase.

This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they usually switch to more stable foreign currencies, in recent history often the US dollar. Unlike low inflation, where the process of rising prices is protracted and not generally noticeable except by studying past market prices, hyperinflation sees a rapid and continuing increase in nominal prices, the nominal cost of goods, and in the supply of currency. As this happens, the real stock of money i. Almost all hyperinflations have been caused by government budget deficits financed by currency creation. A sharp decrease in real tax revenue coupled with a strong need to maintain government spending, together with an inability or unwillingness to borrow, can lead a country into hyperinflation.

InPhillip Cagan wrote The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflationthe book often regarded as the first serious study of hyperinflation and its effects [4] though The Economics of Inflation African Tigers Factors Causes And Dangers Of C. Bresciani-Turroni on the German hyperinflation was published https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/perception-checking-examples/suffragettes-and-suffragist-movement.php Italian in [5].

Discussion

The International Accounting Standards Board has issued guidance on accounting rules in a hyperinflationary environment. It does not establish an absolute rule on when hyperinflation arises. Instead, it lists factors that indicate the existence of hyperinflation: [7]. While there can be a number of causes of high inflation, almost all hyperinflations have been Csuses by government budget deficits financed by currency creation.

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Peter Bernholz analysed 29 hyperinflations following Cagan's definition and concludes that at least 25 of them have been caused in this way. Most hyperinflations in history, with some exceptions, such as the French hyperinflation of —, occurred after the use of fiat currency became widespread in the late 19th century. The French hyperinflation took place after the introduction of a non-convertible paper currency, the assignat.

Monetarist theories hold that hyperinflation occurs when there is a continuing and often accelerating rapid increase in the amount of money that is not supported by a corresponding growth in the output of goods and services. The increases in price that can result from rapid money creation can create a vicious circle, requiring ever growing amounts of new money creation to fund government Tigfrs. Hence both monetary inflation https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/benedick-and-beatrice-argument-quotes/pros-and-disadvantages-of-vertical-farming-advantages.php price inflation proceed at a rapid pace. Such rapidly increasing prices cause widespread unwillingness of the local population to hold Process Decision Paper Making local currency as it rapidly loses its buying Factogs.

Instead, they quickly spend any money they receive, which increases the velocity of money flow; this in turn causes further acceleration in prices. Here M refers to the money stock and P to the price level. This results in an imbalance between the supply and demand for the money including currency and bank depositscausing rapid inflation. Very high inflation rates can result in a loss of confidence in the currency, similar to a bank run. Usually, the excessive money supply growth results from the government being either unable or unwilling to fully finance the government budget through taxation or borrowing, and instead it finances the government budget deficit through the printing of money. Governments have sometimes resorted to excessively loose monetary policy, as it allows a government to devalue its debts and reduce or avoid a tax increase. Monetary inflation is effectively a flat tax on creditors that also redistributes proportionally to private debtors.

Distributional effects of monetary inflation are complex and vary based on the situation, with some models finding regressive effects [11] but other empirical studies progressive effects. Inflation can obscure quantitative assessments of the Dangees cost of living, as published price indices only look at data in retrospect, so African Tigers Factors Causes And Dangers Of increase only months later.

Monetary inflation can become hyperinflation if monetary authorities fail to fund increasing government expenses from taxesgovernment debtcost cutting, or by other means, because either. Africaj of hyperinflation generally look for a relationship between seigniorage and the inflation tax. In both Cagan's model and the neo-classical models, a tipping point occurs when the increase in money supply or the drop in the monetary base makes it impossible for a government to improve its financial position.]