The Violence And Constitutional Controversy Across The - amazonia.fiocruz.br

The Violence And Constitutional Controversy Across The - intolerable

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The Violence And Constitutional Controversy Across The - gradually. You

The public meetings are scheduled to be held across Haiti for the next three weeks, ahead of the April 25 constitutional referendum, which would be the first one held in more than 30 years. One of the biggest changes is an omission in the draft issued by an independent commission tasked with creating the constitutional changes that have generated heated debates. The new draft also drops the requirement that to be president of Haiti, one needs to have lived in the country for five consecutive years prior to the date of general elections. The proposed change also would apply to the position of vice president. Another change also calls for legislators to be elected every five years to match the presidential term since some senators are currently elected every two to six years. Alfredo Antoine, a former legislator, said the changes are simply a proposal at this point and that people have the right to study them. Meanwhile, Brian Concannon, an adviser for the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, said the proposed referendum itself is unconstitutional, according to the current Constitution.

Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of a sovereign state or local jurisdiction.

In many sovereign states citizenship is equal to nationality not ethnicitywhich is in international law the membership to a sovereign state a nation. Recognition by a state as a citizen generally carries with it recognition of civil, politicaland social rights which are not afforded to non-citizens. Some countries permit their citizens to have multiple citizenshipswhile others insist on exclusive allegiance.

A person who does not Constiyutional citizenship of any state is said to be statelesswhile one who lives on state borders whose territorial status is uncertain is a border-lander. A person can be recognized or granted citizenship on a number of bases. Usually citizenship based on circumstances of birth is automatic, but an application may be required. Whilst legitimate and usually limited in quota, the schemes are controversial. Many thinkers point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early city-states of ancient Greecealthough others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years and, for humanity, that the concept of citizenship arose with the first laws.

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Polis meant Contoversy the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society. Historian Geoffrey Hosking in his Modern Scholar lecture course suggested that citizenship in ancient Greece arose from an appreciation for the importance of freedom. It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might Constitutuonal a slave, at almost any time When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved by warfare, to avoid The Violence And Constitutional Controversy Across The defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions read article as to remain free men.

Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time, and enabled participation in public life. Citizenship was not seen as a separate activity from the private life of the individual person, in the sense that there was not a distinction between public and private life.

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These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of Egypt or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life was not separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception.

The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: "To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to The Violence And Constitutional Controversy Across The either a beast or a god!

This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect.

In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. In the Roman Empirecitizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entirety of the empire.

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Romans realized that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency, as it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard Annd the expression of rule and law.

One historian explained:. The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some person. Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class patrician interests against the lower-order working groups known as the plebeian class. During the European Middle Agescitizenship was usually associated with cities and towns see medieval communeand applied mainly to middle class folk.]