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Tiger's eye also called tiger eye is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock with a golden to red-brown colour and a silky lustre. As members of the quartz group, tiger's eye and the related blue-coloured mineral hawk's eye gain their silky, lustrous appearance from the parallel intergrowth of quartz crystals and altered amphibole fibres that have mostly turned into limonite. Tiger iron is an altered rock composed chiefly of tiger's eye, red jasper and black hematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and lustre make for an attractive motif and it is mainly used for jewellery-making and ornamentation. Tiger iron is a popular ornamental material used in a variety of applications, from beads to knife hilts. Tiger iron is mined primarily in South Africa and Western Australia. Tiger's eye is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide SiO 2 and is coloured mainly by iron oxide. The specific gravity ranges from 2. Serpentine deposits in which are occasionally found chatoyant bands of chrysotile fibres have been found in the US states of Arizona and California. These have been cut and sold as "Arizona tiger-eye" and "California tiger's eye" gemstones.

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Different interpretations of 'development' under Living Well Bolivia and Green Economy South Korea The Interpretation Of The South On Alternate

In the form of cafriit evolved during the pre-colonial period as an equivalent of " negro ". In Southern Africa, the term was later used to refer to the Bantu peoples. This designation came to be considered a pejorative by the midth century.

In South Africa, it initially loosely referred to black South Africans. It was adopted as a derogatory term after when the Apartheid system was established.

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Kaffir is also used to refer to another group, the Sri Lanka Kaffirswho are click descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and the slaves that they brought from their colonies in Africa to work as labourers and soldiers on the island. The trade the Arabs engaged in was partly based on slavery. Variations of the word were used in English, Interprftationand, later, in Afrikaansfrom the 17th century to the early 20th century as a general term for several different people of Southern Africa.

In PortugueseFrench and Spanish, the equivalent cafre was used.

From the Portuguese the term was passed onto their Asian possessions and today it exists in several Asian languages which include Inteepretation such as Konkani in India, "Khapri" in Sinhalese and "Kaapiri" in Malayalam. The terms are descriptive of the pagan natives of Cafreria, but they are not considered offensive in either Western India or Sri Lanka. The term acquired a distinctly derogatory meaning in the context of South African historyespecially during the Apartheid era. In Afrikaans, the term is more commonly spelled kaffer and became a common word used by European settlers.

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Through time "Kaffir" tended, in midth century Southern Africa, to be used as a derogatory The Interpretation Of The South On Alternate for black people, and in South Africa today, the term is regarded as highly racially offensive, in the same way as nigger in the United States and other English-speaking countries. Use of the word has been actionable in South African courts since at least under the offense of crimen injuria : "the unlawful, intentional and serious violation The Interpretation Of The South On Alternate the dignity of another". The 16th century explorer Leo Africanus described the Cafri as pagan " negroes ", and one of five principal https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/calculus-on-manifolds-amazon/the-muscular-system-and-the-skeletal-system.php groups in Africa.

According to him, they were "as blacke as pitch, and of a mightie stature, and as some thinke descended of the Jews; but now they are idolators. Following Leo Africanus, the works of Richard Hakluyt designate this population as Cafars and Gawars Ilitteratewhich is, infidels or disbelievers". The word is also used in allusion to a portion of the coast of Africa " land of Cafraria ". The word was used to describe all black people in the region, excluding the San and Khoi Khoiat the time of Europeans' first contact with them. This included many ethnic groups, such as the ZuluXhosaSothoTswana and others. The term was also used by early Boer trek farmers to describe a person not converted to Christianity, similar to the Arabic meaning. The word was used officially in this way, without derogatory connotations, during the Dutch and British colonial periods until the early twentieth century.

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It appears in many historical accounts by anthropologistsmissionaries and other observers, as well as in academic writings. The late nineteenth—early twentieth century novelist, H. Rider Haggardfrequently used the term "kaffir" in his continue reading of dark Africa, especially those of the great white hunter, Allan Quatermainas a then inoffensive term for black people in the region. Similar non-derogatory usage can be found in the John Buchan novel Prester John from In the case of Butana Almond Nofomelawhile working as an undercover policeman during the early s, Nofomela stabbed to death a Brits farmer, Lourens.

Nofomela had only intended to rob the wealthy tiller, but Lourens confronted him with a firearm and called him kaffir.

This enraged Nofomela, who then killed the farmer. The Afrikaans term Kaffir-boetie Kaffir brother was also often used to describe a white person who fraternised with or sympathized with the cause of the black community. During the South African general election inthose who supported the establishment of an apartheid regime campaigned under the slogan "Die kaffer op sy plek" "The Kaffir in his place".]