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There are wide varieties of economic inequality , most notably measured using the distribution of income the amount of money people are paid and the distribution of wealth the amount of wealth people own. Besides economic inequality between countries or states, there are important types of economic inequality between different groups of people. Important types of economic measurements focus on wealth , income , and consumption. There are many methods for measuring economic inequality, [3] with the Gini coefficient being a widely used one. Another type of measure is the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index , which is a statistic composite index that takes inequality into account. Research suggests that greater inequality hinders economic growth, with land and human capital inequality reducing growth more than inequality of income. The Inequality Of Income Inequality

This entry presents the empirical evidence of how inequality between incomes has changed over time, and how the level of inequality varies between different countries. We also present some of the research on the factors driving the inequality of incomes. A related entry on Our World in Data presents the evidence on click economic inequality. That entry looks at economic history and how global inequality has changed and is predicted to continue changing in the future. The idea behind this curve is that in a very poor society inequality cannot be very high: Imagine if the average level of income were Inequaliyt the bare Ineqhality to survive, in such an economy there could not possibly be any inequality as this would necessarily mean that some people The Inequality Of Income Inequality to be below the minimum income level on which they could survive.

When average income is a little higher it is possible to have some small level of inequality, and the IPF shows how the maximum possible inequality increases with higher average income. This means that in these societies, inequality was as high as The Inequality Of Income Inequality possibly could have been.

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In the cases of Holland and England, we see that during their early development they moved away from the IPF and the level of inequality was no longer at the maximum. The United Kingdom is the country for which we have the best information on the distribution of income over the very long run. This information is visualized in this chart.

The estimates presented in this visualization suggest that inequality in the UK was very high in the past, and did not change much until The Inequality Of Income Inequality onset of industrialization. Starting in the late 19th century, income inequality began to decrease dramatically and reached historical lows in the late s. From the early s onwards, we see that the UK experiences a divergence between what the Gini and the top income shares tell us about inequality.

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The Gini remained flat over these two decades and, if anything, fell somewhat during this period. This tells us that inequality across the bulk of the distribution has not increased further in the UK. At the very top, however, the evidence shows a different story. Top income inequality is measured as the share of total income that goes to the income earners at the very top of the distribution. Historical top income inequality estimates are reconstructed from income tax records, and for many countries these estimates give us insights into the evolution of inequality over more than years.

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This is much longer than other estimates of income inequality allow as is the case with estimates that rely on income survey data. The fact that income shares are measured through tax records implies that these estimates measure inequality before redistribution through taxes and transfers. What we can learn from this long-term perspective is summarized in this visualization. After the s inequality in the USA started increasing, and Ineqjality returned to the level of the pre-war period.

We see that this U-shaped long-term trend of top income shares is not unique to the USA. In fact the development in other English-speaking countries, also shown in the left panel, follows the same pattern. However, it would be The Inequality Of Income Inequality to think that increasing top income inequality is a universal phenomenon. The income share of the rich has decreased over many decades, Inequaligy just like in the English-speaking countries, it reached a low point in the s. Income inequality in Europe and Japan is much lower today than it was at the beginning of the 20th century.

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A lesson that that we can take away from this empirical research is that political forces at work on the national level are likely important for how incomes are distributed. A universal trend of increasing inequality would be in line with the notion that inequality is determined by global market forces and The Inequality Of Income Inequality progress. The reality of different inequality trends within countries suggests that the institutional and political frameworks in different countries also play a role in shaping inequality of incomes.

This means that rising see more is most likely not inevitable. It is important to emphasize that the top income measures of inequality that we discuss above refer to inequality in the distribution of market incomes.]