Luther And Zwingli And The Protestant Movement - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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The Scottish Reformation was the process by which Scotland broke with the Papacy and developed a predominantly Calvinist national Kirk church , which was strongly Presbyterian in its outlook. It was part of the wider European Protestant Reformation that took place from the sixteenth century. From the late fifteenth century the ideas of Renaissance humanism , critical of aspects of the established Catholic Church , began to reach Scotland, particularly through contacts between Scottish and continental scholars. In the earlier part of the sixteenth century, the teachings of Martin Luther began to influence Scotland. Particularly important was the work of the Lutheran Scot Patrick Hamilton , who was executed in

Luther And Zwingli And The Protestant Movement - are mistaken

. Luther And Zwingli And The Protestant Movement

The Reformation alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation [1] was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authorityarising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Zwinglo.

Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther inthere was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the Edict of Worms. The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending Luthee propagating his ideas.

Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation or the Peace of Westphalia. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgencesinsisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible.

The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospela complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine sola scriptura and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin sola fide rather than good works. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics.

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The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Sacramental theology was simplified and attempts at imposing Aristotelian epistemology were resisted. Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes.

The Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of TrentMartin Chemnitz published the —73 Examination of the Council of Trent [4] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.

Depending on the country, the Reformation had varying causes and different backgrounds and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular.

During Reformation-era confessionalizationWestern Christianity adopted different confessions CatholicLutheranReformedProgestantAnabaptistUnitarianetc. Anabaptist movements were especially persecuted following the German Peasants' War. Northern Europewith the exception of most of Irelandcame under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century.]