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Department of Energy November 17, The Standard Model includes the matter particles quarks and leptonsthe force carrying particles bosonsand the Higgs boson. It also explains how force carrying particles, which belong to a broader group of bosons, influence the quarks and leptons. The Standard Model explains three of the four fundamental forces that govern the universe: electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. Electromagnetism is carried by photons and involves the interaction of electric fields and magnetic fields. The strong force, which is carried by gluons, binds together atomic nuclei to make them stable.
The weak force, carried by W and Z bosons, causes nuclear reactions that have powered our Sun and other stars for billions of years. The fourth fundamental force is gravity, which is not adequately explained by the Standard Model. Despite its success at explaining the universe, the Standard Model does have limits.
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Also, physicists understand that about 95 percent of the universe is not made of ordinary matter as we know it. Instead, much of the universe consists of dark matter and dark energy that do not fit into the Standard Model. DOE has a long history of supporting research into fundamental particles.
Five of the six types of quarks, one type of lepton, and all three neutrinos were discovered at what are now DOE national laboratories.
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Researchers supported by the DOE Office of Science, often in collaboration with scientists from around the world, click to see more contributed to Nobel Prize-winning discoveries and measurements that What Caused The Great Schism Of 1054 the Standard Model.
These efforts continue today, with experiments that make precision tests of the Standard Model and further improve measurements of particle properties and their interactions. Theorists work with experimental scientists to develop new avenues to explore the Standard Model. This research may also provide insight into what sorts Grfat unknown particles and forces might explain dark matter and dark energy as well as explain what happened to antimatter after the big bang. Big Bang nucleosynthesis From the perspective of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, a larger amount of ordinary baryonic matter implies a denser early universe, more efficient conversion of matter to helium-4, and Schlsm unburned deuterium remaining.
If all of the dark matter in the universe were baryonic, then there would be much less deuterium in the universe than is observed. Dear Learned Sirs: First, I wanted to ask you personally if you think a it makes sense that a giant blob that allegedly was always hot and always in motion would for no reason explode All coins and currencies of the United States including.
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