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Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers i. In either case, the processor s used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand.

A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor DSP. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.

Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 playersto large stationary installations like traffic light controllersprogrammable logic controllersand large complex systems like hybrid vehiclesmedical imaging systems, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large equipment rack.

The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the MOS integrated circuitwhich is an integrated circuit chip fabricated from MOSFETs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and was developed in the early s. ByMOS chips had Produts higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar chips.

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MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by Moore's lawleading to large-scale integration LSI with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip by the late s. The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intelreleased in One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer[ citation needed ] developed ca.

At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated click to reduce the computer's size and weight. An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D guidance computer for the Minuteman missilereleased in When the Minuteman II went into production inthe D was replaced with a new computer that represented the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.

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Since these early applications in the s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An early microprocessorthe Intel released inwas designed for calculators and other small systems but still required external memory and support chips. By the early s, memory, input and output system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor forming a microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a general-purpose computer would be too costly.

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As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell the prevalence of embedded systems increased. Today, a comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components. Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor. Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotivehome appliancesmedical, Products Appliances Equipment And Appliances Have Been, commercial and military applications. Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to cell phones at the end user.

Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.]