Problem Set 2 Mba 503 - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Design thinking refers to the cognitivestrategic and practical processes by which design concepts proposals for products, buildings, machines, communications, etc. Many of the key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across different design domains, of design cognition and design activity in both laboratory and natural contexts.

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Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation of products and services within business and social contexts. Design thinking encompasses processes such as context analysisproblem finding and framingideation and solution generating, creative thinkingsketching and drawingmodelling and prototypingtesting and evaluating. Design thinking is especially useful when addressing problems which are Probelm difficultin the sense of being ill-defined or tricky, not malicious.

Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber contrasted these with "tame" or "well-defined" cases where the problem is clear and the solution available through applying rules or technical knowledge. Rather than accept the problem as given, designers explore the given problem Problem Set 2 Mba 503 its context and may re-interpret or restructure the given problem in order to reach a particular framing of the problem that suggests a route to a solution. In empirical studies of three-dimensional problem solving, Bryan Lawson found architects employed solution-focused cognitive strategies, distinct from the problem-focused strategies of scientists. In the creation of new design proposals, designers have to infer possible solutions from the available problem information, their experience, and the use of non-deductive modes of thinking such as the use of analogies.

This has been interpreted as a form of Peirce's abductive reasoningcalled innovative abduction. In the process of designing, the designer's attention typically oscillates between their understanding of the problematic context and their ideas for a solution in a process of co-evolution of problem and solution.

Conventionally, designers communicate mostly in visual or object languages to translate abstract requirements into concrete objects. The use of representations and models is closely associated with features of design thinking such as the generation and exploration of tentative solution concepts, the identification of what needs to be known about the developing concept, and the recognition of emergent features and properties within the representations. A five-phase description of the design innovation process is described by PlattnerMeinel, and Leifer as: re defining the problem, needfinding and benchmarking, ideating, building, testing.

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The process may also be thought of as a system of overlapping spaces rather than a sequence of orderly steps: inspirationideation, and implementation. Generally, the design innovation process starts with the inspiration phase: understanding the problem or the opportunity.

This understanding can be documented in a brief which includes constraints that gives the project team a framework from which to begin, benchmarks by which they can measure progress, and a set of objectives to be realized—such as price pointavailable technology, and market segment. In their book Creative ConfidenceTom and David Kelley note the importance of empathy with clients, users, and customers as a basis for Seet design.]