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Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century across philosophythe artsarchitectureand criticismmarking a departure from modernism. The term has been more generally applied to describe a historical era said to follow after modernity and the tendencies of this era.

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Postmodernism check this out generally defined by an attitude of skepticismironyor rejection toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies associated with Postmodernism Or The Cultural Logic Of, often criticizing Enlightenment rationality and focusing on the role of ideology in maintaining political Psotmodernism economic power. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditionedframing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.

Common targets of postmodern criticism include universalist ideas Postkodernism objective realitymoralitytruthhuman naturereasonsciencelanguageand social progress. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-consciousnessself-referentialityepistemological and moral relativismpluralismand irreverence. Postmodern critical approaches gained popularity in the s and s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studiesphilosophy of scienceeconomicslinguisticsarchitecturefeminist theoryand literary criticismas well as art movements in fields such as literaturecontemporary artand music.

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantismis meaninglessand that it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernismas well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning.

Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioneddescribing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse Posgmodernism literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading.

As a critical practice, postmodernism employs concepts such as hyperrealitysimulacrumtraceand differenceand rejects abstract principles in favor of direct experience. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantismis meaningless, and adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge.

The term postmodern was first used in In H. Postmodernism Or The Cultural Logic Of described postmodernism as a new literary form. InBernard Iddings Bellpresident of St. Stephen's College now Bard Collegepublished Postmodernism and Other Essaysmarking the first use of the term to describe the historical period following Modernity. It also forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity and being an Anglo-Catholic priest suggests orthodox religion as a solution. Toynbee : "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of —".

In the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture and led to the postmodern architecture movement [29] in response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style.

Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative forms eclecticismand non-orthogonal angles.

Author Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world happened between and and described it as a "nameless era" characterized as a shift to a conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and process rather than a mechanical cause. This shift was outlined by four new realities: the emergence of an Educated Society, the importance of international developmentthe decline of the nation-state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures.]