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In recent years, urban agriculture UA projects have bloomed throughout the world, finding large applications also in the developed economies of the so-called Global North.

As compared to projects in developing countries, where research has mainly targeted the contribution to food security, UA in the Global North has a stronger multifunctional connotation, and results in multiple combinations of farming purposes and business models pursued. The present review paper explores the contribution and role that UA plays in cities from the Global North, defining its functionalities toward ecosystem services ES provisioning and Sprawwl the factors that hinders and promote its regional diffusion and uptake.

The manuscript integrates a description of UA growing systems, as well opportunities for crop diversification in the urban environment, and a comprehensive classification of UA business models. The distinctive features in terms of business models, farming purposes and farm size are then applied over an inventory of UA projects in the Global North, allowing for Urbaan characterization and comparative analysis of distribution frequency of the different project typologies. First, it was hunting for food and caves to live in. Then, settled agriculture came, in the form of horticulture, primarily practiced by women, to complement the game that men brought home Hansen et al.

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Homes that were built to provide shelter to the family, with horticulture that along the ages would become the first formal organization of nature, following strictly defined structural patterns. While geometry naturally occurs within ecological systems, human mind requires regular forms; therefore, gardens were created following geometrical patterns already in ancient Egypt.

Integration of agriculture within the anthropic landscape also emerged in Babylon's hanging gardens Figure 1 or in the so-called sacred lands devoted to food production in More info cities in the classical era Isager and Skydsgaard, In Roman gardens, exotic species could be found, as emerged in the buried gardens of Pompeii. The practice of plant cultivation in villages and towns further became established in the middle ages in the form of hortuswhere applications of relationships, dimensions and figures evolved from the Pythagoreans Steenbergen and Reh, The hortus pattern recurred through gardens that complete the village's general geometry and feed the local community. They were often placed between the town Negative Effects Of Urban Sprawl walls, enabling food security in times of wars. Horticulture also developed in monasteries where food production and processing were Negative Effects Of Urban Sprawl under the Rule of Saint Benedict Aben and de Wit, Arabic gardens combined beauty and sensorial experiences, building on the beneficial effects that plants can bring to humans Figure 1.

In the modern age, and along the Renaissance, whole farms were conceived following the hortus design, until the Romanticism and toward the time of affirmed urbanism, where a re-unification of the rural-urban continuum occurred.

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Exotic plant species were grown in tropical glasshouses in Effecgs villas of the wealthier or in urban botanical parks. English, Italian and French gardening schools were born, paving the way for modern landscape architecture principles.

In the contemporary age, and from the industrial revolution, gardens were found within the fringes of industrial towns, contributing to the food security of the migrant https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/gregorys-punctuation-checker-tool/washington-mutual-case-study.php Partalidou and Anthopoulou, Allotment gardens were established and became formally recognized.

It assumed the form of political activism, as for the case of community gardens and guerrilla gardening initiatives. In these same years, however, the rapid economic growth of cities was associated with a general decentralization of functions e. Nevertheless, from the beginning of the twenty first century, the rapid evolution of agricultural technologies has brought new forms of plant cultivation, allowing for multiple productions and circularity e. While fresh horticultural goods represent its main products, urban farming today also explores new crops and novel food products and services.

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A set of innovative business models takes form, and a plethora of experiences emerge at global level. Meanwhile, a clear differentiation emerges between urban agriculture UA specifically aimed at tackling food insecurity and the forms it may take when occurring in wealthier world regions, where the associated ES may even become more relevant than food production per seat least until the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak Lal, Indeed, while the role and functions of UA in developing countries have been addressed in several review papers Bryld, ; de Bon et al.

In the coming sections, this review paper brings together a comprehensive state of the art of all the above-listed features of agriculture in cities in the Global North, including a classification and inventory Negative Effects Of Urban Sprawl urban farming projects. While the research does not target the comparative analysis of UA in the Global North vs. Global South, it actually builds on data from Global North in order to answer the following research questions:. In order to answer the research questions, the research methodology combined an extensive literature review on ES provided, functions, enabling factors, cropping system typologies and associated business models observed in UA projects in the Global North, altogether with the implementation and classification of a database of regional case studies. Among identified projects, those with available information e. The results emerged from both the literature survey and the implemented case study database are discussed in the following sections.]