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Stratification affects our everyday lives. Stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of people in a society. Inequality means people have unequal access to scarce and valued resources in society. These resources might be economic or political, such as health care, education, jobs, property and land ownership, housing, and ability to influence government policy. Although inequality is everywhere, there are many controversies and questions about inequality that sociologists are interested in such as where did inequality come from?

Why does it continue? Do we justify inequality? Can we eliminate inequality?

Can we make a society in which people are equal? Before answering these complex questions, we will broadly define socioeconomic status and social class in America. The chapter then turns to dominant theories on stratification, and explores class, race, and gender inequality in more detail.

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We look at how capitalism is an important context in inequality. We end with consequences of inequality and theories explaining global inequality. Building on the ideas of Max Weber, who saw three main dimensions of stratification class, status, and partycontemporary sociologists often define stratification in terms of socioeconomic status or SES.

There are a variety of ways to measure SES, including educational attainment, income, wealth, and occupational prestige. These measures reflect three characteristics of individuals: power, property, and prestige.

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Legitimate power, power given to individuals willingly by others, is called authority. Illegitimate power, power taken by force or the threat of force, is called coercion. Property goes beyond income as a measure of social class as it reflects the accumulated wealth e. Property is a better overall measure of social class than income as many individuals who are considered wealthy actually have very small incomes. Prestige used to be associated with one's family name, but for most people in developed countries, prestige is now generally tied to one's occupation. Occupations Introduction Advertising is often referred to as physicians or lawyers tend to have more prestige associated with them than occupations like bartender or janitor. These three indicators tend to go hand-in-hand or lead to each other, such as a Supreme Court justice who is usually wealthy, enjoys a great deal of prestige, and iz significant power.

In some cases, however, a person ranks differently on these indicators, such as funeral directors. Introductikn

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Their prestige is fairly low, but most have higher incomes than Introduction Advertising is often referred to as professors, who are among the most educated people in America and have high prestige. Sociologists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl developed a model of the American class social class structure. In Nickel si Dimed: On Not Getting by in AmericaBarbara Ehrenreich describes her experience of working a series of low-wage jobs in and trying to survive on her wages.

In addition to trying to survive on her wages, she described how working overtime without pay was the custom at Wal-Mart. Managers informed workers to punch out of the time clock and to begin some additional work without pay. Because of the Great Recession fromthe gap between the rich and poor has increased in America. The gap between the wealth of white families and the wealth of African-American families Infroduction Hispanics has also increased. The average wealth of a white family in was 20 times greater than that of the average black family, and 18 times greater than the average Hispanic family.]