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A federation also known as a federal state is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government federalism. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, Government Vs Federal Government states or the federal political body. Alternatively, a federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.
It is often argued that federal states where the central government has overriding powers, are not truly federal states. For example, such overriding powers may include: the constitutional authority to suspend a constituent state's government by invoking gross mismanagement or civil unrest, or to adopt national legislation that overrides or infringe on the constituent states' powers by invoking the central government's constitutional authority to ensure "peace and good government" or to implement obligations contracted under an international treaty.
The governmental or constitutional Government Vs Federal Government found Governmenh a federation is considered to be federalist, or Gobernment be an example of federalism. It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state.
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Francefor example, has been unitary for multiple centuries. Federations are often multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory such as Russiathe United StatesCanadaIndiaor Brazilbut neither is necessarily the case such as Saint Kitts and Nevis or the Federated States of Micronesia. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood. Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces, transformed to Government Vs Federal Government states upon independence such as the United Statesand various countries in Latin America see Spanish American wars of independence. Some of the New World federations failed; the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states less than 20 years after its founding.
Others, such as Argentina and Mexicohave shifted between federal, confederaland unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchyand Venezuela Government Vs Federal Government a federation after the Federal War.
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Australia and Canada are also federations. Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in Founded Government Vs Federal Governmentthe Soviet Union was formally a federation of Soviet republicsautonomous republics and other federal subjects, though in practice highly centralized under the government of the Soviet Union. The Russian Federation https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/culture-and-selfaeesteem/a-study-of-heredity-what-our-parents.php inherited a similar system. NigeriaPakistanIndia and Malaysia then Federation of Malaya became federations on or shortly before becoming independent from the British Empire. In some recent cases, federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state, such as Bosnia and Herzegovinaand Iraq since With the United States Constitution having become effective on 4 Marchthe United States is the oldest surviving federation.
On the other end of the timeline is Nepalwhich became the newest federation after its constitution went into effect on 20 September The source states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government.
However, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states.
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The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy and so enjoy no independent status under international law. Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others. An example of such a federation is Malaysiain which Sarawak and Sabah agreed to form the federation on different terms and Gpvernment from the states of Peninsular Malaysia.
A federation often emerges from an initial agreement between a number of separate states.
The purpose can be the will to solve mutual problems and to provide for mutual defense or to create a nation-state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland.]
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