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Like Darwin, Wallace did extensive fieldwork; first in the Amazon River basinand then in the Malay Archipelagowhere he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Linewhich separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.

He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography ". These included the concepts of warning colouration in animals, and reinforcement sometimes known as the Wallace effecta hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation.

Wallace's book Man's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. He was also one of the first scientists to write a serious exploration of the subject of whether there was life on Mars. Wallace was strongly attracted to unconventional ideas such as evolution. His advocacy Born Into Families Without Great Wealth Or spiritualism and his belief Wealthh a non-material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with some members of the scientific establishment. Aside eWalth scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system capitalism in 19th-century Britain.

His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and MalaysiaThe Malay Archipelagowas both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication init has never been out of print. Wallace had financial difficulties throughout much of his Here. His Amazon and Far Eastern trips were supported by the sale of specimens he collected and, after he lost most of the considerable money he made from those sales in unsuccessful investments, he had to support himself mostly from the publications he produced.

Unlike some of his https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/gregorys-punctuation-checker-tool/sweeney-todd-the-demon-barber-of-fleet.php in the British scientific community, such as Darwin and Charles Lyellhe had no family wealth to fall back on, and he was unsuccessful in finding a long-term salaried position, receiving no regular income until he was awarded a small government pension, through Darwin's efforts, in His family, like many Wallaces, claimed a connection to William Wallacea leader of Scottish forces during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.

He owned some income-generating property, but bad investments and failed business ventures resulted in a steady deterioration of the family's financial position.

His mother was from a middle-class English family from Hertfordnorth of London. There he attended Hertford Grammar School until financial difficulties forced his family to withdraw him in when he was aged Wallace then moved to London to board with his older brother John, a year-old apprentice builder. This was a stopgap measure until William, his oldest brother, was ready to take him on as an apprentice surveyor. Here he was exposed to the radical political ideas of the Welsh social reformer Robert Owen and of Thomas Paine.

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He left London in to live with William and work as his apprentice for six years. At the end ofthey moved to KingtonHereford, near the Welsh border, before eventually settling at Neath in Glamorgan in Wales. Between andWallace did land surveying work in the countryside of the west of England and Wales. One result of Wallace's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality. Since Wallace was born in Monmouthshiresome sources have considered him to be Welsh.

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One Wallace scholar has stated that the most reasonable interpretation is therefore that he was an Englishman born in Wales. After a brief period of unemployment, he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester to teach drawing, mapmaking, and surveying.

Bates was 19 years old, and in he had published a paper on beetles in the journal Zoologist. He befriended Wallace and started him collecting insects. After a few months, Wallace found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a survey for a proposed railway in the Vale of Neath. Wallace's work on the survey involved spending a lot of time outdoors in the countryside, allowing him to indulge his new passion for collecting insects. Wallace persuaded his brother John to join him in starting another architecture and civil engineering firm, which carried out a number of projects, including the design of a building for the Neath Mechanics' Institutefounded in In the autumn ofJohn and he purchased a cottage near Neath, where they lived with their mother and sister Fanny his father had died in Inspired by the chronicles of earlier and contemporary travelling naturalists, including Alexander von HumboldtIda Laura PfeifferCharles Darwin and especially Born Into Families Without Great Wealth Or Henry EdwardsWallace decided that he too wanted to travel abroad as a naturalist.]