The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior - amazonia.fiocruz.br

The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior - certainly

Theory of mind ToM is a popular term from the field of psychology as an assessment of an individual human's degree of capacity for empathy and understanding of others. ToM is one of the patterns of behavior that is typically exhibited by the minds of neurotypical people, that being the ability to attribute -- to another or oneself -- mental states such as beliefs , intents , desires , emotions and knowledge. Theory of mind as a personal capability is the understanding that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own. Possessing a functional theory of mind is considered crucial for success in everyday human social interactions and is used when analyzing, judging, and inferring others' behaviors. Deficits can occur in people with autism spectrum disorders, genetic-based eating disorders , schizophrenia , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , [1] cocaine addiction , [2] and brain damage suffered from alcohol's neurotoxicity ; [3] deficits associated with opiate addiction reverse after prolonged abstinence. Theory of mind is a theory insofar as the output such as thoughts and feelings of the mind is the only thing being directly observed so the existence of a mind is inferred. It is typically assumed that others have minds analogous to one's own, and this assumption is based on the reciprocal, social interaction, as observed in joint attention , [6] the functional use of language, [7] and the understanding of others' emotions and actions. As originally defined, it enables one to understand that mental states can be the cause of—and thus be used to explain and predict—the behavior of others. The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior

The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior Video

The Psychology \u0026 Physiology of the Human Brain

It is widely accepted that consciousness or, more generally, mental activity is in some way correlated to the behavior of the material brain. Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purpose-of-case-study-in-psychology/interactive-read-alouds-is-there-a-common.php, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness. Several approaches answering this question affirmatively, proposed in recent decades, will be surveyed.

There are three basic types of corresponding approaches: 1 consciousness is a manifestation of quantum processes in the brain, 2 quantum concepts are used to Bshavior consciousness without referring to brain activity, and 3 matter and consciousness are regarded as dual aspects of one underlying reality.

Major contemporary variants of these quantum-inspired approaches will be discussed. It will be pointed out that they make different epistemological assumptions and use quantum theory in different ways. For each of the approaches discussed, both problematic and promising features will be highlighted. The problem of how mind and matter are related to each other has many facets, and it can be approached from many different starting points.

The historically leading disciplines in this respect are philosophy and psychology, which were later joined by behavioral science, cognitive science and neuroscience. In addition, the physics of The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior systems and quantum physics have played stimulating roles in the discussion from their beginnings. As regards the issue of complexity, this is evident: the brain is one of the most complex systems we know. The study of neural networks, their relation Tueories the operation of single neurons and other important topics do and will profit a lot from complex systems approaches. As regards quantum physics, there can be no reasonable doubt that quantum events occur and are efficacious in the brain as elsewhere in the material world—including biological systems. The original motivation in the early 20th century for relating quantum theory to consciousness go here essentially philosophical.

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On the other hand, randomness is problematic for goal-directed volition! Quantum theory introduced an element of randomness standing out against the previous deterministic worldview preceding it, in which randomness expresses our ignorance of a more detailed description as in statistical mechanics. In sharp contrast to such epistemic randomness, quantum randomness in processes such as the spontaneous emission of light, radioactive decay, or other examples has been considered a fundamental feature of nature, independent of our ignorance or knowledge.

To be precise, this feature refers to individual quantum events, whereas the behavior of ensembles Or such events is statistically determined.

2. Philosophical Background Assumptions

The indeterminism of individual quantum events is constrained by Behavkor laws. Other features of quantum theory, which became attractive in discussing issues of consciousness, were the concepts of complementarity and entanglement. For informative overviews with different focal points see e.

Variants of the dichotomy between mind and matter range from their fundamental distinction at a primordial level of description to the emergence of mind consciousness from the brain as continue reading extremely sophisticated and highly developed material system. Informative overviews can be found in Popper and EcclesChalmersand Pauen One important aspect of all discussions about the relation between mind and matter is the distinction between descriptive and explanatory approaches. For instance, correlation is a descriptive term with empirical relevance, while causation is an explanatory term associated with theoretical Hunan to understand correlations. Causation implies correlations between cause and The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior, but this does not always apply the other way around: correlations between two systems can result from a common cause in their history rather than from a direct causal interaction.

1. Introduction

In the fundamental Tjeories, one typically speaks of causal relations in terms of interactions. In physics, for instance, there are four fundamental kinds of interactions electromagnetic, weak, strong, gravitational which serve to explain the correlations that are observed in physical systems. As regards the mind-matter problem, the situation is more difficult. Far from a theoretical understanding in this field, the existing body of knowledge essentially consists of empirical correlations between material and mental states. These correlations are descriptive, not explanatory; they are not causally conditioned. It is for some purposes interesting to know that particular brain areas are activated during particular mental activities; but this does, of course, Ths explain why they are. Thus, it would be premature to talk about mind-matter interactions in the sense of causal relations. The Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior the sake of terminological clarity, the neutral notion of relations between mind and matter will be used in this article.

In many discussions of material [ma] brain states and mental [me] states of consciousness, the relations between them are conceived in a direct way A :. This illustrates a minimal framework to study reduction, supervenience, or emergence relations Kim ; Stephan which can yield both monistic and dualistic pictures.]