The Rights of Women in the Middle - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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Wartime sexual violence is rape or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during armed conflictwar, or military occupation often as spoils of war ; but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflictthe phenomenon has broader sociological motives. Wartime sexual violence may also include gang rape and rape with objects.

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It is distinguished from sexual harassmentsexual assaults, and rape committed amongst troops in military service. During war and armed conflict, rape is frequently used as a means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy. Wartime sexual violence Essay Homicide occur in a variety of situations, including institutionalized sexual slavery, wartime sexual violence associated with specific battles or massacresand individual or isolated acts of sexual violence.

Rape can also be recognized as genocide or ethnic cleansing when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group; however, rape remains widespread in conflict zones.

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There are other international legal The Rights of Women in the Middle to prosecute perpetrators but this has occurred as late as the s. The terms rapesexual assault and sexual violence are frequently used interchangeably. The perpetrator invaded the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body. The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of poweragainst such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent.

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The concept of "invasion" is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral and the definition is understood to include situations where the victim may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or age-related incapacity. Lawlessness during wars and civil conflicts can create a culture of impunity towards human rights abuses of civilians. Among some armies, looting of civilian areas is considered a way for soldiers to supplement their often meager income, which can be unstable if soldiers are not paid on time.

Some militias that cannot afford to adequately pay their troops promote pillaging as a compensation for victory, and rape of civilians can be seen as a reward for winning battles. According to UNICEF"systematic rape is often used as a weapon of war in ethnic cleansing ," having been used in various armed conflicts throughout here twentieth century alone, including Bosnia and HerzegovinaCambodiaUgandaand Vietnam.

Dara Kay Cohen argues that some military groups use gang rape to bond soldiers and create a sense of cohesion within units, particularly when troops are recruited by force. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak characterizes "group rape perpetrated by the conquerors" as "a metonymic celebration of territorial acquisition".

Evidence provided by Cohen also suggests that some militaries that use child soldiers use rape as a maturation ritual to increase the tolerance of troops for violence, especially in patriarchal societies that equate masculinity with dominance and control.]