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Many fellow runners protested the new rule, which remains in effect today in an amended form: It now applies only to people vying for awards and money. For some athletes and for many people who run, jog, cycle, lift weights and otherwise exercise, music is not superfluous—it is essential to peak performance and a satisfying workout. Although some people prefer audio books, podcasts or ambient sounds, many others depend on bumpin' beats and stirring lyrics to keep themselves motivated when exercising. In the last 10 years the body of research on workout music has swelled considerably, helping psychologists refine their ideas about why exercise and music are such an effective pairing for so many people as well as how music changes the body and mind during physical exertion. Music distracts people from pain and fatigue, elevates mood, increases endurance, reduces perceived effort and may even promote metabolic efficiency. When listening to music, people run farther, bike longer and swim faster than usual—often without realizing it. In a review of the research, Costas Karageorghis of Brunel University in London, one of the world's leading experts on the psychology of exercise music, wrote that one could think of music as "a type of legal performance-enhancing drug. The Ability Of Our Brains

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The whole point of a skull, after all, is keeping a brain safely separate from [waves hands at everything]. Sophisticated imaging technologies like functional magnetic resonance can give you some clues. For decades, technologists have been trying to get brains to interface with computer keyboards or robot arms, to get meat to commune with silicon. On Wednesday, a team of scientists and engineers showed results from a promising new approach. It involves mounting electrodes on an expandable, springy tube called a stent and threading it through a blood vessel that leads to the brain. Patients go home in a couple of days. It took training once the subjects got home. The electrode-studded stent could pick up signals from the brain, but machine-learning algorithms have to figure out what those signals—imperfect reflections of a mind at work even under ideal conditions—actually represent.

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Thursday, October 17, NIH-funded study suggests sleep clears brain of damaging molecules associated with neurodegeneration.

Using mice, researchers showed for the first time that the space between brain cells may increase during sleep, allowing the brain to flush out toxins that build up during waking hours. These results suggest a new role for sleep in health and disease. For centuries, scientists and philosophers have wondered why people sleep and how it affects the brain.

Only recently have scientists shown that sleep is important for storing memories. In this study, Dr. Nedergaard and her colleagues unexpectedly found that sleep may be also be the period when the brain cleanses itself of toxic molecules.

Their results, published in Science, show that during sleep a plumbing system called the glymphatic system may open, letting fluid flow rapidly through the brain. Initially the researchers studied the system by injecting dye into the CSF of mice and watching it flow through their brains while simultaneously monitoring electrical brain activity. The dye flowed rapidly when the mice were unconscious, either asleep or anesthetized. In contrast, the dye barely flowed when the same mice were awake.

To test this idea, the researchers inserted electrodes into the brain to directly measure the space between brain cells. They found that the space inside the brains increased by 60 percent when the mice were asleep or anesthetized. Certain brain cells, called glia, control flow through the glymphatic system by shrinking or swelling. Noradrenaline is here arousing hormone that is also known to control cell volume.

Similar to using anesthesia, treating awake mice with drugs that block noradrenaline induced unconsciousness and increased brain fluid The Ability Of Our Brains and the space between cells, further supporting the link between the glymphatic system and consciousness.

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Previous studies suggest that toxic molecules involved in neurodegenerative disorders accumulate in the space between brain cells. Beta-amyloid disappeared faster in mice brains when the mice were asleep, suggesting sleep normally clears toxic molecules from the brain. The NINDS mission is to Abiluty the burden of neurological disease — a burden borne by every age group, by every segment of society, by people all over the world.

Department of Health and Human Services.

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