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The sociology of Education It is a discipline that studies the teaching process through the use of tools drawn from sociology. As such, it focuses on trying to understand the more social dimension of the educational system; but it uses strategies and approaches drawn from disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, and pedagogy. The two main objectives of the sociology of education are to understand how the social environment influences teaching, and the role that education plays in a given culture. Both aspects are complementary and feed into each other, so it is necessary to investigate both at the same time. The sociology of education is a predominantly theoretical discipline. In principle, its authors are not interested in finding practical applications to their discoveries; It is enough for them to understand the social dimension of the educational process. However, some of their findings have served to improve the education system in different countries. Despite having little more than a century of life, this discipline has developed enormously. Sociology Social Relationship Development And Function Of

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In the social sciences there is a standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behaviour. Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. The debate over the primacy of structure or of agency relates to an issue at the heart of both classical and contemporary sociological theory : the question of social ontology : "What Relaationship the social world made of?

Theorists such as Karl Marxby contrast, emphasize that the social structure can act to the detriment of the majority of individuals in a society. In both these instances "structure" may refer to something both material or " economic " and cultural i. Some theorists put forward that what we know as our social existence is largely determined by the overall structure of society. The perceived agency of individuals can also mostly be explained by the operation of this structure. Theoretical systems aligned with this view include:.

WTF is Pierre Bourdieu?**

On the other hand, other theorists stress the capacity of individual "agents" to construct click reconstruct their worlds. In this sense the individual can be viewed as more influential than the system. Lastly, a third option, taken by many modern social theorists, [2] attempts to find a point of balance between the two previous positions. Structuration is one prominent example of this view. The first approach emphasizing the importance of societal structure dominated in classical sociology.

Durkheim strongly believed that the collective had emergent properties of its own and saw the need for a science which would deal with this emergence. The second approach methodological individualism, etc. Many theorists still follow this course economists, for example, tend to disregard any kind of holism. The central debate, Sociology Social Relationship Development And Function Of, pits theorists committed to the notions of methodological holism against those committed to methodological individualism.

The first notion, methodological holism, is the idea that actors are socialized and embedded into social structures and institutions that constrain, or enable, and generally shape the individuals' dispositions towards, Sociology Social Relationship Development And Function Of capacities for, action, and that this social structure should be taken as primary and most significant. The second notion, methodological individualism, is the idea that actors are the central theoretical and ontological elements in social systems, and social structure is an epiphenomenona result and consequence of the actions and activities of interacting individuals.

Georg Simmel — was one of the first generation of German nonpositivist sociologists. His studies pioneered the concepts of social structure and agency. Norbert Elias — was a German sociologist whose work focused on the relationship between power, behaviour, emotion, and knowledge over time. He significantly shaped what is called process sociology or figurational sociology.

Exam (elaborations)

Talcott Parsons — was an American sociologist and the main theorist source action theory misleadingly called "structural functionalism" in sociology from the s in the United States. His works analyze social structure but in terms of voluntary action and through patterns of normative institutionalization by codifying its theoretical gestalt into a system-theoretical framework based on the idea of living systems and cybernetic hierarchy.

For Parsons there is no structure—agency problem. It is a pseudo-problem. His development of Max Weber's means-end action structure is summarized in Instrumental and value-rational action.

Pierre Bourdieu — was a French theorist who presented his theory of practice on the dichotomic understanding of the relation between agency and structure in a great number of publications, beginning with An Outline of the Theory of Practice inwhere he Sociology Social Relationship Development And Function Of the concept of habitus. The key concepts in Bourdieu's work are habitus, fieldand capital. The agent is socialized in a "field", an evolving set of roles and relationships in a social domain, where various forms of "capital" such as prestige or financial resources are at stake. As the agent accommodates to their roles and relationships in the context of their position in the field, they internalize relationships and expectations for operating in that domain.

These internalized relationships and habitual expectations and relationships form, over time, the habitus. Bourdieu's work attempts to reconcile structure and agency, as external structures are internalized into the habitus while the actions of the agent externalize interactions between actors into the social relationships in the field. Bourdieu's theory, therefore, is a dialectic between "externalizing the internal", and "internalizing the external".

Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in their Social Construction of Reality [4] saw the relationship between structure and agency as dialectical. The sociologist James Samuel Coleman famously diagramed the link between macrosociological phenomena and individual behaviour in what is commonly referred to as Coleman's Boat. In this way, individual action is taken in reference to a macro-sociological structure, and that action by many individuals results in change to that macro-structure. Contemporary sociology has generally aimed toward a reconciliation of structure and agency as concepts.]