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According to asthma management guidelines during pregnancy, short-acting 2-agonists SABA are the drug of choice in all types of asthma [intermittent or persistent, mild, moderate and severe] as a quick reliever medication and in the management of acute exacerbations or emergency hospitalizations. On the other hand, long-acting 2-agonists LABA are used for patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma not fully controlled with inhaled corticosteroids alone. While many studies examined their associations with congenital malformations in newborns, the actual risks remain controversial due to the discordance between different risk reports and the difficulties in performing epidemiological studies on pregnant women. The objective of this research is to investigate the association between maternal exposure to SABA and LABA during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations in the newborns among asthmatic women.

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Ractopamine is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in livestock in some countries, but banned in others. As of the use of ractopamine was banned in countries, [6] including the European Union , mainland China and Russia , [7] [8] while 27 other countries, such as Japan , the United States , South Korea , and New Zealand have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption. Commercial ractopamine is a mixture of all four possible stereoisomers. When used as a food additive , ractopamine added to feed can be distributed by the blood to the muscle tissues, where it serves as a full agonist to murine TAAR1 not necessarily human. Ractopamine is known to increase the rate of weight gain , improve feed efficiency, and increase carcass leanness in finishing swine. Optaflexx is a "medicated feed additive that is labeled only for use in steers or market heifers not breeding heifers or bulls during the last days on feed. On 6 July , the international reference standard Codex Alimentarius Commission narrowly approved the adoption of an maximum residue limit MRL of 10 parts per billion ppb for muscle cuts of beef and pork. Countries with major meat export markets had been lobbying for the establishment of such a standard for several years to use it as leverage to erode individual national-level bans in World Trade Organization disputes. Ractopamine use in food animals is banned in over countries. Other countries in Asia, whose traditional diet is similar to that of the Chinese, have had similar thoughts but the American use of tied trade access as a proxy for conflict has somewhat mitigated their reactions, as seen below. Safe Use of Long Acting Beta Agonist

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Short Acting Beta 2 Agonist

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Nicotine is a widely used stimulant and alkaloid that is naturally produced in the nightshade family of plants most notably in tobacco. It is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine constitutes approximately 0. Or is highly addictive[16] [17] [18] unless used in slow-release forms.

Nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is treating nicotine dependence to eliminate smoking and the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gumsdermal patcheslozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to wean them off their dependence. Combining nicotine patch use with a faster acting nicotine replacement, like gum or spray, improves the odds of treatment success.

In contrast to recreational nicotine products, which have been designed to maximize the likelihood of addiction, nicotine replacement products NRTs are designed to minimize addictiveness.

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Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the s, in the form of tobacco extracts [37] although other components of tobacco also seem to Betw pesticide effects. In https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purdue-owl-research-paper/consistency-in-the-national-school-lunch-program.php plants, nicotine functions as an antiherbivory chemical ; consequently, nicotine has been widely used as an insecticide[45] [15] and neonicotinoidssuch as imidaclopridare widely used. Nicotine-containing products are sometimes used for the performance-enhancing effects of nicotine on cognition.

Nicotine is used as a recreational drug. Nicotine use for tobacco cessation has few contraindications.

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It is not known whether nicotine replacement therapy is effective for smoking cessation in adolescents, as of Nicotine gum is contraindicated in individuals with temporomandibular joint disease. Nicotine is classified as a poison. Serious adverse events due to the use of nicotine replacement therapy are extremely rare.]