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Health care ethics is the field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision-making situations that arise in Philodophy practice of https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/work-experience-programme/stock-options-for-employees-as-a-form.php in addition to the procedures and the policies that are designed to guide such practice. Advancements in medical knowledge and in medical technologies bring with them new and important moral issues.

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These issues often come about as a result of advancements in reproductive and genetic knowledge as well as innovations in reproductive and genetic technologies. Other areas of moral concern include the clinical relationship between the health care professional and the patient; biomedical and behavioral Moral Philosophy Is An Area Shrouded By subject research; the harvesting and transplantation of human organs; euthanasia; abortion; and the allocation of health care services. Essential to the comprehension of moral issues that arise in the context of the provision of health care is an understanding of the most important ethical principles and methods of moral decision-making that are applicable to such moral issues and that serve to guide our moral decision-making. To the degree to which moral issues concerning health care can be clarified, and thereby better understood, the quality of health care, as both practiced and received, should be qualitatively enhanced.

For this reason, health care workers include not only professional clinicians for example, physicians, nurses, medical technicians, and many others but also social workers, members of the clergy, medical facility volunteers, to name just a few, and, in an extended sense, even employers, educators, legislators, and others. The former view entails that health, for all natural organisms to include the biological status of human beingsis to be correlated with the degree to which the natural functions of the organism comport with its natural evolutionary design.

For example, whether homosexuality is to be seen as a disease state, specifically, as a mental disorder, as the American Psychological Association officially held it to Moral Philosophy Is An Area Shrouded By for the longest time throughout the 20 th century, until they reversed their position in Based on their own explanations of each of these definitional decisions, it would appear that their former official position was value-based in a way in which their latter position was a Characteristics Of The English Colonies Tong, Moreover, some such organizations implement classification systems that allow for both biological and social considerations to measure health outcomes for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of health care programs when compared to each other. Such comparisons are then used to decide, for example, what type of disease prevention measure s to implement or which particular sub-populations get selected for curative measures.

In other words, according to this imperative, such a worldview must 1 be comprehensive, 2 be internally coherent, 3 Moral Philosophy Is An Area Shrouded By to a normative ethical theory, and 4 be, at a minimum, aspirational and acted upon. This personal worldview imperative is designed as an independent and objective means of assessment in order to avoid here of the inherent flaws of the well-being approach. While this would take us back to primitive cultures at the time of the origin of human life as we know it, the first known evidence of ethical concerns in the practice of medicine in Western cultures is what has been handed down as the Corpus Hippocraticumwhich is a compilation of writings by a number of authors, including a physician known as Hippocrates, over at least a few centuries, beginning in the 5 th century, B.

According to these authors, medical care should be practiced in such a way as to diminish the severity of the suffering that illness and disease bring in their wake, and the physician should be acutely aware of the limitations concerning the practical art of medicine and refrain from any attempt to go beyond such limitations accordingly. The Oath of Hippocrates includes explicit prohibitions against both abortion and euthanasia but includes an equally explicit endorsement of an obligation of confidentiality concerning the personal information of the patient. Additional codes of ethics concerning the practice of medicine have also come down to us: from the 1 st century A. The founding of the American Medical Association in was the occasion for the immediate formulation of standards for an education in medicine and for a code of ethics for practicing physicians.

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A good number of medical codes of ethics were formulated and adopted by national and international medical associations during the middle part of the 20 th century. In an effort to modernize the Oath of Hippocrates for practical application, in the World Medical Association adopted the Declaration of Genevafollowed the very next year by its adoption of the International Code of Medical Ethics.

Since then, virtually every professional occupation that is health care-oriented in the U. Methods of moral decision-making are concerned, in a variety of ways, not only with moral decision-making but also with the people who make such decisions. Some such methods focus on the actions that result from the choices that https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/gregorys-punctuation-checker-tool/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-reconstruction.php made in moral decision-making situations in order to determine which of such actions are right, or morally correct, and which of such actions are wrong, or morally incorrect.

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Other methods of moral decision-making concentrate on the persons who commit actions in moral decision-making situations that is, the agents in order to determine those whose character is good, or morally praiseworthy, and those whose character is bad, or morally condemnable. The theorists of such methods deal with such questions as: Of all of the available options in a particular moral decision-making situation, which is the morally correct one to choose? What follows is a look at some of the most influential methods of moral decision-making that have been offered by proponents of such methods Philosophj that have been applied to ethical issues in the field of health care.

Moral Philosophy Is An Area Shrouded By virtues include but would not be limited to courage, temperance, compassion, generosity, honesty, and justice. The person in whom these moral virtues are to be found as steadfast dispositions can be relied on to exhibit Shrluded good character and thereby to commit morally correct actions in moral decision-making situations.

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The former soldier has chosen to be rash during the heat of battle while the latter soldier has chosen to be a coward. By contrast, the courageous soldier holds his position on the battlefield and chooses to fight when he is ordered to do so. The fundamental difference between the courageous soldier on the one hand and the rash and cowardly soldiers on the other is that, of the three, only the courageous soldier actually knows why he is on the battlefield and chooses to do his duty to defend his comrades, his country, and source family while recognizing, at the same time, the realistic possibility that he might be injured, or even killed, on the battlefield Aristotle, Virtue ethics is directly applicable to health care ethics in that, traditionally, health care professionals have been expected to exhibit at least some of the moral virtues, not the least of which are compassion and honesty.

The preeminent proponent of utilitarianism as an ethical theory in the 19 th Moral Philosophy Is An Area Shrouded By was John Stuart Mill. As a normative ethical theorist, Mill articulated and defended a theory of morality that was designed to prescribe moral behavior for all of humankind. Conversely, human actions, which are committed in moral decision-making situations, are determined to be morally incorrect to the extent to which they, on balance, produce more unhappiness rather than happiness for those who are affected by such actions.]