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Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world , particularly during the Islamic Golden Age 9th—13th centuries , [1] and mostly written in the Arabic language. It closely parallels the genesis of other Islamic sciences in its assimilation of foreign material and the amalgamation of the disparate elements of that material to create a science with Islamic characteristics. These included Greek , Sassanid , and Indian works in particular, which were translated and built upon. Islamic astronomy played a significant role in the revival of Byzantine [3] and European [4] astronomy following the loss of knowledge during the early medieval period , notably with the production of Latin translations of Arabic works during the 12th century. Islamic astronomy also had an influence on Chinese astronomy [5] and Malian astronomy. A significant number of stars in the sky , such as Aldebaran , Altair and Deneb , and astronomical terms such as alidade , azimuth , and nadir , are still referred to by their Arabic names. Even so, a reasonably accurate picture of Islamic activity in the field of astronomy can be reconstructed. Ahmad Dallal notes that, unlike the Babylonians, Greeks, and Indians, who had developed elaborate systems of mathematical astronomical study, the pre-Islamic Arabs relied entirely on empirical observations. These observations were based on the rising and setting of particular stars, and this area of astronomical study was known as anwa. Anwa continued to be developed after Islamization by the Arabs, where Islamic astronomers added mathematical methods to their empirical observations. How Did Civilization Contribute To The Development
How did Greek culture spread around the Mediterranean world? How did the interplay of cultures in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basins affect the development of civilization in those areas?
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