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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFASsalso perfluorinated alkylated substances are synthetic organofluorine Revidw compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. As such, they contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety—C n F 2n —. They are more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than comparable hydrocarbon surfactants.

They include the perfluorosulfonic acids such as the perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS and the perfluorocarboxylic acids such as the perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA. Fluorosurfactants can reduce the surface tension of water down to a value half of what is attainable by theories of hydrocarbon surfactants. Therefore, the attractive interactions resulting from the "fleeting dipoles" are reduced, in comparison to hydrocarbon surfactants.

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Fluorosurfactants are more stable and fit for harsh conditions than hydrocarbon surfactants because of the stability of the carbon—fluorine bond. Likewise, perfluorinated surfactants persist in the environment for that reason. On their introduction in the s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFASs were considered inert molecules since they Athanaios a chemically active group. In particular, IgAIgE in females only ECON 350 Review Essay Athanasios Orphanides article C-reactive protein have been shown to decrease whereas antinuclear antibodies increase as PFOA serum concentrations increase.

Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide Atbanasios which reduce beta-oxidation and thus nutrient production leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier. Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. Rat studies investigating the carcinogenicity of PFASs reported significant correlation with liver adenomasLeydig cell tumors of the testis and pancreatic acinar cell tumors and dietary PFOA consumption. Contrary to the animal studies, the C8 studies did not find a probable link between elevated C8 exposure and liver adenomas or pancreatic acinar cell tumors; however, a probable link was found with regards to testis and kidney cancer.

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Both mechanisms start by proposing that PROA exposure results in increased PPAR alpha activation in the liver which increases hepatic aromatase concentration and subsequent serum estrogen levels. The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha TGF alpha which prompts Leydig cell proliferation. The other pathway suggests that aromatization of testosterone to estradiol reduces serum testosterone levels resulting in increased release of luteinizing hormone LH from the pituitary gland which directly results in Leydig Cell tumorgenesis. Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure SBP exceeds mmHg or diastolic blood pressure DBP exceeds 90mmHg after 20 weeks gestation.

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Mechanisms linking pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia to PFAS exposure have see more elusive and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentationspecifically as it pertains to natural killer NK cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to ECON 350 Review Essay Athanasios Orphanides article PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines, asthmadecreased mammary gland development, low birth weight Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOSperfluorooctanoic acid PFOAand perfluorononanoic acid PFNA have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations [37] [38] and wildlife.

InPFASs were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Conventiondue to their ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in media outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, or PFASs. Shorter fluorosurfactants may be less prone to accumulating in mammals; [8] there is still concern that they may be harmful to both humans, [46] [47] [48] and the environment at large. Inthe ABC 's current affairs programme Four Corners reported that the storage and use of firefighting foams containing perfluorinated surfactants at Australian Defence Force facilities around Australia had contaminated nearby water resources. InCanada prohibited the import, sale, or use of PFOS or PFOS-containing products, with some exceptions for products used in firefighting, ECON 350 Review Essay Athanasios Orphanides article the military, and in some forms of ink and photo media.

The guidelines were established to protect the health of Canadians, including children, over a lifetime's exposure to these substances. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOS under the guidelines is 0. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOA is 0. Although PFOA and PFOS are no longer manufactured in the United States, they are still produced internationally and can be imported into the United States in consumer goods such as carpet, leather and apparel, textiles, paper and packaging, coatings, rubber and plastics.]