Different Types Of Foundations The Foundation Plan - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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The Foundation or Sub-structure is the lowermost portion of the building or any other structure, which is used to transfer different types of loads acting on it, to the subsoil below, on which it rests. Among all the other construction elements, the foundation is the most important one, it determines the structural stability of the building, and the number of years the building can serve its purpose effectively. The value of the nominal dimensions of a Foundation is given below, less than which the foundation is said to be insecure when the loads are being applied to it. These types of foundation are used in the places where soil hard stratum are found at a shallow depth from the ground surface. In this type of foundation, the depth of the foundation is less as compared to the breadth, which is why it is also called a spread foundation. Shallow foundations are very popular choices of foundation , where the safe bearing capacity of soil exceptionally high. A shallow foundation is suitable when the hard stratum exists at a depth of meters. Shallow foundation can be broadly classified into four categories :. These type of foundation is used where the soil hard stratum exists at a considerable depth and the soil is of inferior quality.

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Types of foundation: Types of foundation in buildings

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Geotechnical engineeringalso known as geotechnicsis the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles and methods of soil mechanics and rock mechanics for Different Types Of Foundations The Foundation Plan solution of engineering problems and the design of engineering works. It also relies on knowledge of geologyhydrologygeophysicsand other related sciences. Geotechnical engineering is important in civil engineering, but also has applications in militaryminingpetroleumcoastaloceanand other engineering disciplines that are concerned with construction occurring on the surface or within the ground, both onshore and offshore. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology are closely related, and have large areas of overlap.

However, while geotechnical engineering is a specialty of Diffrent engineeringengineering geology is a specialty of geology : they share the same principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics, but Diffrrent differ in terms of objects, scale of application, and approaches.

The tasks of a geotechnical engineer comprise the investigation of subsurface conditions and materials; the determination of the relevant physical, mechanical, and Different Types Of Foundations The Foundation Plan properties of these materials; the design of earthworks and retaining structures including damsembankmentssanitary landfills, deposits of hazardous wastetunnelsand structure foundations ; the monitoring of site conditions, earthwork, and foundation construction; the evaluation of the stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits; the assessment of the risks posed by site conditions; and the prediction, prevention, and mitigation of damage caused by natural hazards such as avalanchesmud flowslandslidesrockslidessinkholesand volcanic eruptions.

Humans have historically used soil https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/story-in-italian/thomas-hobbes-john-locke-and-the-social.php a material for flood control, irrigation purposes, burial sites, building foundations, and Ot construction material for buildings.

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First activities were linked to irrigation and flood control, as demonstrated by traces of dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least BCE that were found in ancient Egypt https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/culture-and-selfaeesteem/ford-swot.php, ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescentas well as around the Difderent settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley. As the cities expanded, structures were erected supported by formalized foundations; Ancient Greeks notably constructed pad footings and strip-and-raft foundations.

Until the 18th century, however, no theoretical basis for soil design had been developed and the discipline was more of an art than a science, relying on past experience. Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisaprompted scientists to begin taking a more scientific-based approach to examining the subsurface.

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The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls. Henri Gautier, a French Royal Engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different soils inan idea later known as the soil's angle of repose. A rudimentary soil classification system was also developed source on a material's unit weight, which is no longer considered a good indication of soil type. The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented Foundatin early as when Charles Coulomb a physicist, engineer, and army Captain developed improved methods to determine the earth pressures against military ramparts.

In the 19th century Henry Darcy developed what is now known Foindations Darcy's Law describing the flow of fluids in porous media. Joseph Boussinesq a mathematician and physicist developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating read more at depth in the ground; William Rankinean engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth Different Types Of Foundations The Foundation Plan theory.]