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Collective intelligence Collective action Self-organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent-based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour. Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics. Reaction—diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self-replication. Rational choice theory Bounded rationality. Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games , in which each participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by those of the other participants. In the 21st century, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers. Modern game theory began with the idea of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. 40 Developmental Asset Essay On John Conlan.

He retired from Princeton in Juneand holds the title of professor emeritus there. Krugman is the author or editor of 27 books, including scholarly works, textbooks, and books for a more general audience, and has published over scholarly articles in professional journals and edited volumes. A survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of Krugman considers himself a modern liberalreferring to his books, his blog on The New York Timesand his book The Conscience of a Liberal. Inhis paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Brest, Belarusat that time a part of Poland. Kennedy High School in Bellmore. Since present-day science fell far short of "psychohistory", Krugman turned to economics as the next best thing.

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Inhe successfully completed his PhD in three years, with a thesis titled Essays on flexible exchange rates. Krugman later praised his PhD thesis advisor, Rudi Dornbuschas "one of the great economics teachers of all time" and said that he "had the knack of inspiring students to pick up his enthusiasm and technique, but find their own paths". Encouraged, Krugman Diamond Chemicals Study on it and later wrote, "[I] knew within a few hours that I had the key to my whole career in hand". He says 40 Developmental Asset Essay On John Conlan wrote it to cheer himself up when he was "an oppressed assistant professor". Krugman became an assistant professor at Yale University in September He joined the faculty of MIT in He rejoined MIT as a full professor in He is also currently Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics, and a member of the Group of Thirty international economic body.

Paul Krugman has written extensively on international economics, including international tradeeconomic geographyand international finance. The Research Papers in Economics project ranks him among the world's most influential economists.

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The Nobel Prize Committee stated that Krugman's main contribution is his analysis of the effects of economies of scalecombined with the assumption that consumers appreciate diversityon international trade and on the location of economic activity.

Prior to Krugman's work, trade theory see David Ricardo and Heckscher—Ohlin model emphasized trade based on the comparative advantage of countries with very different characteristics, such as a country with a high agricultural productivity trading agricultural products for industrial products from a country with a high industrial productivity.

However, in the 20th century, an ever-larger share of trade occurred between countries with similar characteristics, which is difficult to explain by comparative advantage.

Krugman's explanation of trade between similar countries was proposed Devellopmental a paper in the Journal of International Economicsand involves two key assumptions: that consumers prefer a diverse choice of brands, and that production favors economies of scale. However, because of economies of scale, it is not profitable to spread the production of Volvos all over the world; instead, it is concentrated in a few factories and therefore in a few countries or maybe just one.

This logic explains how each country may specialize in producing a few brands of any given type of product, instead of specializing in different types of products.]