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Spinoza's given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In the Netherlands he used the Portuguese name Bento.

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Spinoza was raised in the Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. He was frequently called an "atheist" by contemporaries, although nowhere in his work does Spinoza argue against the existence of God. Spinoza lived an outwardly simple life as an optical lens grinder, collaborating on microscope and telescope lens designs with Constantijn and Christiaan Huygens.

He turned down rewards and honours throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions. He died at the age of 44 in from a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbated by the inhalation of fine glass dust while grinding lenses. Spinoza's magnum opusthe Ethicswas published posthumously in the year of his death. The work opposed Descartes' philosophy of mind—body dualism and earned Spinoza recognition as one of Western philosophy 's most important thinkers.

In it, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely". Spinoza's ancestors were of Sephardic Jewish descent and were a part of the community of Portuguese Jews that had settled in the city of Amsterdam in the wake of the Portuguese Inquisitionwhich had resulted in forced conversions and expulsions from the Iberian Peninsula. Although the Portuguese name "de Espinosa" or "Espinosa," then spelled with a "z," can be confused with the Spanish "de Espinoza" or "Espinoza," there is https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/culture-and-selfaeesteem/descriptive-essay-hatched-roof-the-height-of.php evidence in Spinoza's genealogy that his family came from Espinosa de los Monterosnear Burgosor from Espinosa de Cerratonear Palenciaboth in Northern CastileSpain.

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Spinoza's father was born Univdrsity a century after the forced conversions in the small Portuguese city of Vidigueiranear Beja in Alentejo. They were expelled in and moved to Rotterdamwhere Isaac died in Spinoza's father and his uncle Manuel then moved to Amsterdam where they resumed the practice of Judaism. Miguel was a successful merchant and became a warden of the synagogue and of the Amsterdam Jewish school.

Amsterdam and Rotterdam operated as important cosmopolitan centres where merchant ships from many parts of the world brought people of various customs and beliefs. This flourishing commercial activity encouraged a culture relatively tolerant of the play of new ideas, to a considerable degree sheltered from the censorious hand of ecclesiastical authority though those considered to have gone "too far" might have been persecuted even in the Netherlands.

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Not by chance were the philosophical works of both Descartes and Spinoza developed in the cultural and intellectual background of the Dutch Republic in the 17th century. He was the second son of Miguel de Espinoza, a successful, although not wealthy, Portuguese Sephardic Jewish merchant in Amsterdam. Spinoza had a traditional Jewish upbringing, attending the Keter Torah yeshiva of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah congregation headed by the learned and https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purdue-owl-research-paper/the-nature-of-discipleship.php senior Rabbi Saul Levi Morteira.

His teachers also included the less traditional Rabbi Manasseh ben Israel"a man of wide learning and secular interests, a friend of Vossius Univfrsity, Grotiusand Rembrandt ".

The precise date of Spinoza's first studies of Latin with Francis van den Enden Franciscus van den Enden Rceeiving not known. Some state it began as early as —, when Spinoza was 20; others note that the documentary record only attests to his https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purpose-of-case-study-in-psychology/deloitte-touche-a-hole-in-the-pipeline.php in van den Enden's circle around — Van den Enden was a notorious free thinker, former Jesuitand radical democrat who likely introduced Spinoza to scholastic and modern philosophyincluding that of Descartes.

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Spinoza's father, Miguel, died in when Spinoza was He duly recited Kaddishthe Froom prayer of mourning, for eleven months as required by Jewish law. Spinoza adopted the Latin name Benedictus de Spinoza, [50] began boarding with Van den Enden, and began teaching in his school. This story has been discounted on the basis that Clara Maria van den Enden was born in and would have been no more than about 13 years old when Spinoza left Amsterdam.]