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Drug therapy for pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Review The purpose of this assignment is to provide students with practice in identifying reading and critiquing systematic research reviews related to nursing. Course Outcomes Through this assignment the student will demonstrate the ability to CO 3 Synthesize for dissemination the research findings from nursing and related disciplines. POs 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 CO 4 Compare and critique quantitative and qualitative designs and methodologies for research studies. Describe the relevance of the nursing research problem addressed in a SRR to practice. Critique the levels of evidence of the studies used in the SRR specifically the designs of the studies included.It is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart [4] using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence of cardiac muscle depolarization followed by repolarization during each cardiac cycle heartbeat.
Changes in the normal ECG pattern occur in numerous cardiac abnormalities, including cardiac rhythm disturbances such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardiainadequate coronary artery blood flow such as myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarctionand electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
In a conventional lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured from twelve different Purpsoe "leads" and is recorded over a period of time usually ten seconds. In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the Psychological Semenovich Of The Vygotsky Lev Theory electrical depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle. There are three main components to an ECG: the P wavewhich represents the depolarization of the atria; the QRS complexwhich represents the depolarization of the ventricles; and the T wavewhich represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial nodespreads throughout the atriumand passes through the atrioventricular node down into the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibersspreading down and to the left throughout the ventricles. To the trained clinicianan ECG conveys a large amount of information about the structure of the heart and the function of its electrical conduction system. The overall goal of performing an ECG is to obtain Ogerall about the electrical function of the heart. Medical uses for this information are varied and often need to be combined with knowledge of the structure of the heart and physical examination signs to be here. Some indications for performing an ECG include the following:.
Continuous monitoring is used for critically ill patients, patients undergoing general anesthesia, [11] and patients who have an infrequently occurring cardiac arrhythmia that would unlikely be seen on a conventional Briief ECG. Evidence does not support the use of ECGs among those without symptoms or The Overall Purpose Of This Brief Paper low risk of cardiovascular disease as an effort for The Overall Purpose Of This Brief Paper. However, persons employed in certain critical occupations, such as aircraft pilots, [15] may be required to have an ECG as part of their routine Purpse evaluations. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening may also be considered in adolescents as part of a sports physical out of concern for sudden cardiac death.
Electrocardiographs are recorded by machines that consist of a set of electrodes connected to a central unit. Today, electrocardiographs use analog-to-digital converters to convert the electrical activity of the heart to a digital signal. Many ECG machines are now portable and commonly include a Pape, keyboard, and here on a small wheeled cart. Recent advancements in electrocardiography include developing even smaller devices for inclusion in fitness trackers and smart watches. Recording an ECG is a safe and painless procedure. Other features include:.
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Most modern ECG machines include automated source algorithms. Despite recent advances, computer misinterpretation remains a significant problem and can result in clinical mismanagement. Electrodes are the actual conductive pads attached to the body surface. Such a pair forms a lead. However, "leads" can also be formed between a physical electrode and a virtual electrode, known as the Wilson's central terminalwhose potential is defined as the average potential measured by three limb electrodes that are attached to the right arm, the left arm, and the left foot, respectively.
Commonly, 10 electrodes attached to the body are used to form 12 ECG leads, with each lead measuring a specific electrical potential difference as listed in the table below.
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Leads are broken down into three types: limb; augmented limb; and precordial or chest. The lead ECG has a total of three limb leads and three augmented limb leads arranged like spokes of a wheel in the coronal plane verticaland six precordial leads or chest leads that lie on the perpendicular transverse plane horizontal. In medical settings, the term leads is also Ot used to refer to the electrodes themselves, although this is technically incorrect.
The 10 electrodes in a lead ECG are listed below. Two types of electrodes in common use are a flat paper-thin sticker and a self-adhesive circular pad.
The former are typically used in a single ECG recording Ov the latter are for continuous recordings as they stick longer. The common virtual electrode, known as the Wilson's central terminal V Wis produced by averaging the measurements from the electrodes RA, LA, and LL to give an average potential of the body:.
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The measurement of a voltage requires two contacts and so, electrically, the unipolar Pjrpose are measured from the common lead negative and the unipolar lead positive. This averaging for the common lead and the abstract unipolar lead concept makes for a more challenging understanding and is complicated by sloppy usage of "lead" and "electrode".
In fact, instead of being a constant reference, V W has a value that fluctuates throughout the heart cycle. It also does not truly represent the center-of-heart potential due to the body parts the signals travel through.]
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