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Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century across philosophythe artsarchitectureand criticismmarking a departure from modernism.

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The term has been more generally applied to describe a historical era said to follow after modernity and the tendencies of this era. Postmodernism is generally defined by an attitude of skepticismironyor rejection toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies associated with modernism, often criticizing Enlightenment rationality and focusing on Tje role of ideology in maintaining political or economic power. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditionedframing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.

Common targets of postmodern criticism include universalist ideas of objective realitymoralitytruthhuman naturereasonsciencelanguageand social progress.

Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-consciousnessself-referentialityepistemological and moral relativismpluralismand irreverence. Postmodern critical approaches gained popularity in the s and s, and have been adopted in a Who is Joplin of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studiesphilosophy of scienceeconomicslinguisticsarchitecturefeminist theoryand literary criticismas well as art movements in fields such as literaturecontemporary artand music.

Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantismis meaninglessand that it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Postmodernism Solo Performance Theatre The Theorist The Theory an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernismas well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioneddescribing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.

Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading. As a critical practice, postmodernism employs concepts such as hyperrealitysimulacrumtraceand differenceand rejects abstract principles in favor of direct experience. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantismis meaningless, and adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. The term postmodern was first used in In H.

Hays described postmodernism as a new literary form. InBernard Iddings Bellpresident of St.

Comparative Essay: The Catcher and the Rye vs. The Curious Insident of the Dog in the Night-Time

Stephen's College now Bard Collegepublished Postmodernism and Other Essaysmarking the first use of the term to describe the historical period following Modernity. It also forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity and being an Anglo-Catholic priest suggests orthodox religion as a solution. Toynbee : "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of —". In the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture and led to the postmodern architecture movement [29] in response to the modernist architectural movement known as the Th Style.

Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban Tgeatre, historical reference in decorative forms eclecticismand non-orthogonal angles. Author Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world happened between and and described it as a "nameless era" characterized as a shift to a conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and process rather than a mechanical cause.

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time

This shift was outlined by four new realities: the emergence of an Educated Society, the importance of international developmentthe decline of the nation-state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures. Inin a lecture delivered at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, Mel Bochner described "post-modernism" in art as having started with Jasper Johns"who first rejected sense-data and the singular point-of-view as the basis for his art, and treated art as a critical investigation. InWalter Truett Anderson described postmodernism as belonging to one of four typological world views which he identifies as:. The basic features of what is now called postmodernism can be found as early as the s, most notably in the work of artists such as Jorge Luis Borges. The primary features of postmodernism typically include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels, [36] [37] a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a Solo Performance Theatre The Theorist The Theory grand narrative " of Western culture, [38] and a preference for the virtual at the expense of the Real or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes.

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Since the late s, there has been a growing sentiment in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion". Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the s, partly in response to French Existentialism[44] and often interpreted in relation to Modernism and High modernism. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been called structuralist.]