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Read more is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It has had different definitions and interpretations which vary significantly based on historical context and methodological approach. Republicanism may also refer to the non-ideological scientific approach to politics and governance.

As the republican thinker and second president of the United States John Adams stated in the introduction to his famous Defense of the Constitution, [1] the "science of politics is the science of Roman Vs Democratic Ideals happiness" and a republic is the form of government arrived at when the science of politics is appropriately applied to the creation of a rationally designed government. Rather than being ideological, this approach focuses on applying a scientific methodology to the problems of governance through the rigorous study and application of past experience and experimentation in governance.

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The word "republic" derives from the Latin noun-phrase res publica thing of the peoplewhich referred to the system of government that emerged in the 6th century BCE following the expulsion of the kings from Rome by Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus. This form Roman Vs Democratic Ideals government in the Roman state collapsed in the latter part of the 1st century BCE, giving way to what was a monarchy in form, if not in name. Republics recurred subsequently, with, for example, Renaissance Florence or Demmocratic modern Britain. The concept of a republic became a powerful force in Britain's North American colonies, where it contributed to the American Revolution.

In Europe, it gained enormous influence through the French Revolution and through the First French Republic of — In Ancient Greeceseveral philosophers and historians analysed and described elements we now recognize as classical republicanism. Traditionally, the Greek concept of " politeia " was rendered into Latin as res publica. Consequently, political theory until relatively recently often used republic in the general sense of "regime". There is no single written expression or definition from this era that exactly corresponds with a modern understanding of the term "republic" but most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of PlatoAristotleand Polybius.

These include theories of Roman Vs Democratic Ideals government and of civic virtue. For source, in The RepublicPlato places great emphasis on the importance of civic virtue aiming for the good together with personal virtue 'just man' on the part of the ideal rulers.

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Indeed, in Book V, Plato asserts that until rulers have the nature of philosophers Socrates or philosophers become the Roman Vs Democratic Ideals, there can be no civic peace or happiness. A number of Ancient Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta have been classified as " classical republics ", because they featured extensive participation by the citizens in legislation and political decision-making. Aristotle considered Carthage to have been a republic as it had a political Roman Vs Democratic Ideals similar to that of some of the Greek cities, notably Sparta, but avoided some of the defects that affected them. Both Livya Roman historian, and Plutarchwho is noted for his biographies and moral essays, described how Rome had developed its legislation, notably the transition from a kingdom to a republicby following the example of the Greeks. Some of this history, composed more than years after the events, with scant written sources to rely on, may be fictitious reconstruction.

The Romna historian Polybiuswriting in the mid-2nd century BCE, emphasized in Book 6 the role played by the Roman Republic as an institutional form in the dramatic rise of Rome's hegemony over the Mediterranean. In his writing on the constitution of the Roman Republic, [4] Polybius described the system as being a "mixed" form of government. Specifically, Polybius described the Roman system as a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy with the Roman Republic constituted in such a manner that it applied the strengths of each system Roman Vs Democratic Ideals offset the weaknesses of the others.]