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They are also known as Bernardinesafter the highly influential Bernard of Clairvaux though that term is also used of one of the Franciscan Orders in Poland and Lithuania ; or as White Monksin reference to the colour of the "cuculla" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuculla worn by Benedictine monks. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order.

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The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting some of the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to live monastic life as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity.

The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales.

Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking a simpler lifestyle began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbeyand became known as the Trappists. Ina Benedictine abbotRobert of Molesmeleft Molesme Abbey in Burgundy with around 20 supporters, who felt that the Cluniac communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the Rule of St.

Cisteaux means reeds in Old Frenchgiven to them expressly for the purpose of founding their Novum Monasterium. Robert's followers included Alberica former hermit from the nearby forest of Colan, and Stephen Hardinga member of an Anglo-Saxon noble family which had been ruined as a result of the Norman conquest of England. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and Pope Role Of Nature In Tintern Abbey IIa former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder. Upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of Benedictine black garments in the abbey and clothed the monks in white habits of undyed wool.

Alberic also forged an alliance with the Dukes of Burgundyworking out a deal with Duke Odo I of Burgundy concerning the donation of continue reading vineyard Meursault as well as stones with which they built their church. On 26 JanuaryAlberic died and was soon succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase.

The order was fortunate that Stephen was an abbot of extraordinary gifts, and he framed the original version of the Cistercian "Constitution" or regulations: the Carta Caritatis Charter of Charity.

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Although this was revised on several occasions to meet contemporary needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer and self-denial. The Cistercians initially regarded themselves as regular Benedictines, albeit the "perfect", reformed ones, but they soon came to distinguish themselves from the monks of unreformed Benedictine communities by wearing white tunics instead of black, previously reserved for hermitswho followed the " angelic " life. Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit boy recruits, a practice later adopted by many of older Benedictine houses. Stephen acquired land for the abbey to develop to ensure its survival and ethic, the Role Of Nature In Tintern Abbey of which was Clos Vougeot. As to grants of land, the order would accept only undeveloped land, which the monks then developed by their own labour.]