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In philosophyempiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of John Locke And Karl Marli Vs Machiavelli, rather than innate ideas or traditions. Historically, empiricism was associated with the "blank slate" concept tabula rasaaccording to which the human mind is "blank" at birth and develops its thoughts only through experience. Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasises evidence, especially as discovered in Lpcke. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuitionor revelation. Empiricism, often used by natural scientists, says that "knowledge is based on experience" and that "knowledge is tentative and probabilistic, subject to continued revision and falsification ".

A central concept in science and the scientific method is that conclusions must be empirically based on the evidence of the senses. Both natural and social sciences use working hypotheses that are testable by observation and experiment. The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axiomsestablished scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and Vz inquiry.

Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge e. Similarly Robert Boylea prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. Between and BCE, the Vaisheshika school of Hindu article sourcefounded by the ancient Indian philosopher Kanadaaccepted perception and inference as the only two reliable sources of knowledge.

The earliest Western proto-empiricists were the Empiric school of ancient Greek medical practitioners, founded in BCE. The notion of tabula rasa "clean slate" or "blank tablet" connotes a view of mind as an originally blank or empty recorder Locke used the words "white paper" on which experience leaves marks. This denies that humans have innate ideas. The notion dates back to Aristotlec.

What the mind nous thinks must be in it in the same sense as letters are on a tablet grammateion which bears no actual writing grammenon ; this is just what happens in the case of the mind. Aristotle, On the Soul3. Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actualityand experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous.

These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth see Plato's Phaedo and Apologyas well as others. Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Platoand commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as " nihil in article source nisi prius fuerit in sensu " Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses".

This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school, from about BCE. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it.

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During the Middle Ages from the 5th to the 15th century CE Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi c. The intellect itself develops from a material intellect al-'aql al-hayulaniwhich is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect al- 'aql al-fa'ilthe state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge".

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Machiafelli known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novelHayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert islandthrough experience alone.]