Why Animal Testing Is Bad - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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Animal testingalso known as animal experimentationanimal research and in vivo testingis the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats.

Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. Teshing

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Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicologyincluding cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries. It is estimated that the annual use of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates —ranges from tens to more than million.

By one estimate the number of mice and rats used in the United States alone in was 80 million.

Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal researchin vivo testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations.

Why Animal Testing Is Bad, "vivisection" means "live sectioning" of an animal, and historically referred only to experiments that involved the dissection of live animals. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BC. Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first to perform experiments on living animals. Animals have repeatedly been used through the history of biomedical research. Inthe founders of the Dublin Zoo were members of the medical profession who were interested in studying animals while they were alive and when they were dead.

In the s, Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical conditioning. Between andthe Germans infected mules in Argentina bound for American forces, resulting in the death of mules. In the s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos, [31] then given to humans.

Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century.

Why Animal Testing Is Bad In the 19th century, laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the US, the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. However, in response to the Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of in which the eponymous drug killed more than users, the US Congress passed laws that required safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. Other countries enacted similar legislation. As the experimentation on animals increased, especially the practice of vivisection, so did criticism and controversy. Inthe advocate of Galenic physiology Edmund O'Meara said that "the miserable torture of vivisection places the body in an unnatural state".

There were also objections on an ethical basis, contending that the benefit to humans did not justify the harm to animals. On the other side of the debate, those in favor of animal testing held that experiments on animals were necessary to advance medical and biological knowledge. Inthe physiologist and physician Dr. Walter B.

Cannon said "The antivivisectionists are the second of the two types Theodore Roosevelt described when he said, 'Common sense without conscience may lead to crime, but conscience without common sense may lead to folly, which is the handmaiden of crime. Inthe first animal IIs law was enacted in the British parliament, followed by the Cruelty to Animals Actthe first law specifically aimed at regulating animal testing.]