Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and Video

Collective intelligence Collective action Self-organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent-based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour. Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics.

Reaction—diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self-replication. Rational choice theory Bounded rationality. Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of Thory. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of interrelated and interdependent parts which can be natural or human-made. Every system is bounded by space and time, influenced by its environment, defined by its structure and purpose, and expressed through its functioning.

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A system may be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses synergy or emergent behavior. Changing one part of a system may affect other parts or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in patterns of behavior.

For systems that learn and adapt, the growth and the source of adaptation depend upon how well the system is engaged with its environment. Some systems support other systems, maintaining the other system to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model a system's dynamics, constraintsconditions, and to elucidate principles such as purpose, measure, methods, tools that Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and be discerned Systtems applied to other systems at every level of nestingand in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized equifinality. General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems.

Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in behaviours and processes. Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed.

For example, a program is passive when it is a disc file and active when it runs in memory. The term "general systems theory" originates from Bertalanffy 's general systems theory GST.

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His ideas were adopted by others including Kenneth E. BouldingWilliam Ross Ashby and Anatol Rapoport Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and in mathematics, psychology, biology, game theory, and social network analysis. In sociology, systems thinking started earlier, in the 20th century. Stichweh states: [3] " Since its beginnings the social sciences were an important part of the establishment of systems theory Elements of systems thinking can also be seen in the work of James Clerk Maxwellin particular control theory.

OdumEugene Odum and is Fritjof Capra 's study of organizational Walkers Everyday Use Aliceand in the study of management by Peter SengeStstems interdisciplinary areas such as Human Resource Development in the works of Richard A. Swansonand in the works of educators Debora Hammond and Alfonso Montuori. As a transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and multiperspectival endeavor, systems theory brings together principles and Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and from ontologythe philosophy of sciencephysicscomputer sciencebiology and engineering as well as geographysociologypolitical sciencepsychotherapy especially family Systrms therapyand economics.

Systems theory promotes dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within Genedal science itself. In this respect, with the possibility of misinterpretations, von Bertalanffy [6] believed a general theory of systems "should be an important regulative device in science", to guard against superficial analogies that "are useless in science and harmful in their practical consequences". Others remain closer to the direct systems concepts developed by the original theorists. For example, Ilya Prigogineof the Center for Complex Quantum Systems at the University of TexasAustin, has studied emergent propertiessuggesting that they offer analogues for living systems.

The theories of autopoiesis of Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana represent further developments in this field.]