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Review Philosophy. Learn more here to A. The technicality of contemporary ethical theories, whether phenomenologically or analytically inspired, could give the impression that it would be pointless to turn to the history of moral philosophy: in such a perspective our contemporary moral dilemmas would have found adequate instruments of analysis and there is nothing left to learn from Aristotle or Montaigne.

It is easy because its ethical vocabulary is familiar to us: in use since Greek and Roman antiquity, it is the same, with few ready exceptions, as that of Aristotle, Cicero and their Politiczl exegetes. Does he not devote two chapters of his Leviathan XIV The Political Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes And XV to the importance of the laws of nature for his Hoobbes project?

Virtue is no exception: it too is part of his philosophical lexicon. However, the impression of familiarity that the reader feels when opening the Leviathan quickly gives way to a feeling of strangeness. Arash Abizadeh has chosen, in fact, to approach the moral transformation of modernity from the affirmation, alongside the ethics of happiness, of a moral philosophy of the voluntary obligation to others.

But it was Grotius, the Dutch philosopher exiled in the France of Louis XIIIwho effected the real rupture, forcing us to think in two distinct ways about what it means to be obliged. Moral obligation is, on the one hand, the obligation to follow certain Thkmas if one wants to live The Political Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes And truly good life, but it is also, on the other, the obligation we find ourselves under to justify our actions to others. Whereas the first version of obligation is turned towards ourselves, since it tells us what we must do to live happily, the second is turned towards Politifal, since it is what reason requires us to do as soon as we are engaged in relationships with others.

Check this out distinction is found in Hobbes, but with one major difference: since he considers that human beings are asocial by nature and only appreciate the company of their fellow human beings if it contributes to their individual happiness, the basis of our obligation towards others can no longer be our penchant for sociability p.

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The first chapter of De Cive strongly illustrates this change in the register of moral philosophy: among other things, it teaches us that we only love the company of others out of love for ourselves. In the famous passage from LeviathanChapter XVif the fool wrongly wants to conclude from his desire for happiness that there is no obligation to respect his moral commitments, it is because he does not understand that the contractual obligation is based on reasons other than the ones that lead him to live as happily as possible.

However, these two sides of ethics do not look in the opposite direction. The idea that Hobbes would have rejected the ideas of the summum bonum and The Political Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes And ultimus is therefore nothing less than a misinterpretation: Hobbes does not reject this idea, since he considers that happiness is our supreme good. Against Epicurus:.

This analysis is found in the first chapter, which is both the most demanding of the book and the most enlightening—if one wants to take the time to read it carefully. Seeking to understand how ethical proposals can be articulated with radical materialism, A. Mackiesince he considers that ethical proposals are capable of truth, although they are not properties of moral beings. Is not exile, from a moral point of view, that existential situation in which we must continue to live as happily as possible even though the possibility of the common good has vanished with the political conditions for its realization?

This situation, A. Abizadeh, whose family had to flee Iran with the arrival of the all review exam with, allows us to assess it, not historically, but conceptually.

The question he raises will undoubtedly attract the attention of all those, wherever they live, who today consider themselves to be exiled from within.

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Foisneau, Hobbes. Tuck, Hobbes.]