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The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to midth century, and used by enslaved African-Americans to escape into free states and Canada. It ran north and grew steadily until the Civil War began. British North America present-day Canada was a desirable destination, as its long border gave many points of access, it was farther from slave catchersand beyond the reach of the United States' Fugitive Slave The Life Of Harriet Tubman And Sally. More than 30, people were said to have escaped there via the network during its year peak period, [9] although U. Census figures account for only 6, At its peak, nearly 1, enslaved people per year escaped from slave-holding states using the Underground Railroad — more than 5, court cases for escaped enslaved were recorded — many fewer than the natural increase of the enslaved population.

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The resulting economic impact was minuscule, but the psychological influence on slave Liife was immense. Under the original Fugitive Slave Act ofofficials from free states were required to assist slaveholders or their agents Hartiet recaptured fugitives. But citizens and governments of many free states ignored the law, and the Underground Railroad thrived. With heavy lobbying by Southern politicians, the Compromise of was passed by Congress after the Mexican—American War. It stipulated a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law ; ostensibly, the compromise addressed regional problems by compelling officials of free states to assist The Life Of Harriet Tubman And Sally catchers, granting them immunity to operate in free states.

Many Northerners who might have ignored enslavement issues in the South were confronted by local challenges that bound them to support slavery. This was a primary grievance cited by the Union during the American Civil War[16] and the perception that Northern States ignored the fugitive slave law was a major justification for secession.

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The escape network was neither literally underground nor a railroad. Actual underground railroads did not exist until According to John Rankin The Life Of Harriet Tubman And Sally, "It was so called because they who took passage on it disappeared from public view aSlly really as if they had gone into the ground.

After the Hareiet slaves entered a depot on that road no trace of them could be found. They were secretly passed from one depot to another until they arrived in Canada. The Underground Railroad did not have a headquarters, nor were there published guides, maps, pamphlets, or even newspaper articles. The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe housesall of them maintained by abolitionist sympathizers and communicated by word of mouth.

Participants generally organized in small, independent groups; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting "stations" along the route but knew few details of their [ whose? People escaping enslavement would move north along the route from one way station to the next. The role of free Blacks was crucial; without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives from slavery to reach freedom safely. Members Harrlet the Underground Railroad often used specific terms, based on the metaphor of the railway. For example:. The Big Dipper whose "bowl" points to the North Star was known as the drinkin' gourd. The Railroad was often known as the "freedom train" or "Gospel train", which headed towards "Heaven" or "the Promised Land", i.

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William Still[26] sometimes called "The Father of the Underground Railroad", The Life Of Harriet Tubman And Sally hundreds of enslaved people to escape as many as 60 a monthsometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home. He kept careful records, including short biographies of the people, that contained frequent railway metaphors. He maintained correspondence with many of them, often acting as a middleman in communications between people who had escaped slavery and those left behind.

He later published these accounts in the book The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accountsa valuable resource for historians to understand how the system worked and learn about individual ingenuity in escapes. According to Still, messages were often encoded so that they could be understood only by those active in the railroad. For example, the following message, "I have sent via at two o'clock four large hams and two small hams", indicated that four adults and two children were sent by train from Harrisburg to Philadelphia.

The additional word via indicated that the "passengers" were not sent on the usual train, but rather via Reading, Pennsylvania.]