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It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning at least 3, years of written records.

The Greek language holds an important place The Characteristics Of The Western And Non the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman worldthe study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics. During antiquityGreek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world, West Asia and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek. The language is spoken by at least Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international click here vocabulary.

Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, [6] or possibly earlier.

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Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek : Dimotikithe vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousameaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greekwhich was developed in the early 19th century, and was used for literary and link purposes in click to see more newly formed Greek state.

InDimotiki was Tge the official language of Greece, having incorporated The Characteristics Of The Western And Non of Katharevousa and giving birth to Standard Modern Greekwhich is used today for all official purposes and in education. The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather Charactwristics a foreign language.

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According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near the Greek-Albanian border. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkeythough very few remain today.

Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. The phonologymorphologysyntaxand vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because at all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it.

Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and a fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts. The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period see Koine Greek phonology for details :. In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes, a limited but productive system of compounding [20] and a rich inflectional system.

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Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case its functions being largely taken over by the genitive.

The verbal system has lost the infinitive, the synthetically-formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood. Many have been replaced by periphrastic Thhe forms.]