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The survey allowed for testing of criteria Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography three theoretical models used to conceptualize PH. Factor analyses for women and men yielded an interpretable grouping of indicators consisting of four Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography. In subsequent logistic regressions, these factors were used as predictors for experiencing the need for help for PH. The factors Negative Effects and Extreme positively predicted experiencing the need for help, with Negative Learn more here as the most important predictor for both women and men.

This factor included, among others, withdrawal symptoms and loss of pleasure. The Sexual Desire factor negatively predicted the need for help, suggesting that for the targeted population more sexual desire leads to less PH. The Coping factor did not predict experiencing the need for help.

Outcomes show that a combination of indicators from different theoretical models best indicates the presence of PH. Therefore, a measurement instrument to assess existence and severity of PH should consist of such a combination. Theoretically, this study suggests that a more comprehensive model for PH is needed, surpassing existing conceptualizations of PH. A two to three times higher prevalence in men than in women has been found [ 36 ]. The existence of PH and the possibility to diagnose PH are vehemently debated [ 78910 ]. Particularly, the potentially overpathologizing effect of a diagnosis is criticized, and some characterize a clinical diagnosis for PH as merely a description of disapproved sexuality [ 11 ]. Despite the difficulties to clinically define PH, of which the diverging current diagnoses bear witness [ 12131415 ], clinicians have testified that the condition is clearly experienced by their clients [ 161718 ], be it formally diagnosable or not. Due to the conceptual confusion and the lack of research, it might still be too early to define PH clinically.

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Thus, the working definition of PH we proposed above refers more to a behavioral complex [ 12 ] than to a formal diagnosis. In recent years, partly conflicting theoretical models have been developed to establish PH as a clinical syndrome. Specific diagnostic criteria have been developed based on three of these models. PH is viewed as 1 sex addiction [ 192021222324 ], 2 hypersexual disorder [ 252627 ], or 3 compulsive sexual behavior disorder [ 2829 ].

Sex addiction as a clinical diagnosis Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography characterized by generic addiction indicators, such as preoccupation, negative interference of the sexual behavior with daily activities, failure to quit, continuation despite negative consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms [ 2324 ]. Hypersexual disorder has been proposed—and later rejected—as a diagnosis for the DSM Its diagnostic model contains several of the sex addiction criteria, though not those of tolerance and withdrawal [ 25 ].

Based on influential research Pornograpby 30 ], criteria for sex used Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography coping [ 25 ] criteria A2 and A3 were included as part click the hypersexual disorder diagnosis. Despite the rejection of this diagnosis for inclusion in the Pornographyy [ 31 ], a scale with items addressing coping click at this page part of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory [ 32 ], a frequently used instrument to assess PH.

The relatively high percentages of hypersexual individuals that Efects been found with this instrument [ 433 ] suggest that associations between coping and sexuality might also be problematic for part of the general population that is not specifically afflicted by PH.

Compulsive sexual behavior disorder, the newly accepted ICD diagnosis [ 28 ], differs from the sex addiction diagnosis mostly in the addition of one indicator and a set of guidelines. The indicator stresses the continuation of repetitive sexual behavior despite loss of pleasure [ 28 ].

The guidelines caution against overpathologizing, particularly of preoccupation with sex [ 28 ] and distress related to feelings of guilt and shame [ 29 ]. A number of criteria used in the three diagnostic models for PH have not been thoroughly studied.

1. Introduction

The criterium of loss of pleasure has not been quantitatively investigated at all; a high prevalence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms was found among clinical in- and outpatients treated for sex addiction [ 23 ], but in the one study investigating this prevalence, a comparison group that was not affected by PH was not included. A similar research design problem occurs in a number of studies on sexual frequency and PH of which the results suggested that, analogous to substance addiction, higher sexual frequency predicts the occurrence of PH [ 343536 ].

However, when relevant comparison groups were included in large-scale studies, higher sexual Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography did not discriminate between PH and high sexual desire without distress [ 37link ]. These conflicting results with regard to sexual frequency suggest that 1 a higher percentage of PH will be found in the general population among those with higher sexual frequency [ 363738 ] and that 2 among those for whom it might be relevant to know if they are at risk of PH, sexual frequency might not be a discriminative indicator [ 39 ]. This does not include nor exclude high sexual frequency as part of a diagnosis for PH, but it does suggest that high sexual frequency cannot be used to discriminate Negative Effects Of Watching Pornography from other, nonclinical, conditions, in particular high sexual frequency without distress.

In this exploratory research of a large-scale internet sample, a first step is taken to establish which criteria of the three different diagnostic models are unique indicators that distinguish PH from other conditions. These indicators will have high discriminative power and will lead to valid and reliable cues [ 4041 ] to understand and assess PH.]