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Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn [a] [b] 11 December — 3 August [6] [7] was a Russian novelist, philosopher, historian, short story writer and political prisoner. Solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of the Soviet Union and Communism and helped to raise global awareness of the Soviet Gulag forced-labor camp system. After serving in Aled Red Army during World War IIhe was sentenced to spend eight years in a labour camp and then internal exile for criticizing Josef Stalin in a private letter. Although the reforms brought by Nikita Khrushchev freed him from exile inthe publication of Cancer WardAugustand The Gulag Archipelago angered the Soviet Union authorities, and Solzhenitsyn lost his Soviet citizenship in Obsercation My Observation At My Work Place Alex flown to West Germany, and in he moved with his family to the United States, where he continued to write.

Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Unionhis citizenship was restored inand four years later he returned to Russia, where he remained until his death in He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature".

While there she met and married Isaakiy Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn, a young officer in the Imperial Russian Army of Cossack origin and fellow native of the Caucasus region. The family background of his parents is vividly brought to life in the opening chapters of Augustand in the later Red Wheel novels. InTaisiya became pregnant Mu Aleksandr.

On 15 June, shortly after her pregnancy was confirmed, Isaakiy was killed in a hunting accident. Aleksandr was raised by his widowed mother and his aunt in lowly circumstances.

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His earliest years coincided with the Russian Civil War. By the family property had been turned into a collective farm. Later, Solzhenitsyn recalled that his mother had fought for survival and that they had to keep his father's background in the old Imperial Army a secret. His educated mother who never remarried encouraged his literary and scientific learnings and raised him in the Russian Orthodox faith; [14] [15] she died in As early asSolzhenitsyn began developing the characters and concepts for a planned epic work on World War I and the Russian Revolution.

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This eventually led to the novel August ; some of the chapters he wrote then still survive. At the same time he took correspondence courses from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History, at this time heavily ideological in scope.

As he himself makes clear, he did not question the state ideology or Worj superiority of the Soviet Union until he spent time in the camps. During the war, Solzhenitsyn served as the commander of a sound-ranging battery in the Red Army[18] was involved in major action at the front, and was twice decorated.

He was awarded the Order of the Red Star on 8 July for sound-ranging two German artillery batteries and adjusting counterbattery fire onto them, resulting in their destruction.

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A series of writings published late in his life, including the early uncompleted novel Love the Revolution! While serving as an artillery officer in East PrussiaSolzhenitsyn witnessed war crimes against local German civilians by Soviet military personnel.

Of the atrocities, Solzhenitsyn wrote: "You know very well that we've come to Germany to take our revenge" for Nazi atrocities committed in the Soviet Union. A few years My Observation At My Work Place Alex, in the forced labor camp, he memorized a poem titled " Prussian Nights " about a woman raped to death in East Prussia. In this poem, which describes the gang-rape of a Polish woman whom the Red Army soldiers mistakenly thought to be a German, [22] the first-person narrator comments on the events with sarcasm and refers to the responsibility of official Soviet writers like Ilya Ehrenburg.

In The Gulag ArchipelagoSolzhenitsyn wrote, "There is nothing that so assists the awakening of omniscience within us as insistent thoughts about one's own transgressions, errors, mistakes. After the difficult cycles of such ponderings over many years, whenever I mentioned the heartlessness of our highest-ranking bureaucrats, the cruelty of our executioners, I remember myself in my Captain's shoulder boards and the forward march of my battery through East Prussia, enshrouded in fire, and I say: 'So were we any better? In Februarywhile serving in East PrussiaSolzhenitsyn was arrested by SMERSH for writing derogatory comments in private letters to a friend, Nikolai Vitkevich, [24] about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalinwhom he called " Khozyain " "the boss"and "Balabos" Yiddish rendering of Hebrew baal ha-bayit for "master of the house".

He was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda under Article 58 paragraph 10 of the Soviet criminal code, and of "founding a hostile organization" under paragraph On 9 May My Observation At My Work Place Alex, it was announced that Germany had surrendered and all of Moscow broke out in celebrations with fireworks and searchlights illuminating the sky to celebrate the victory in the Great Patriotic War.]