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Gender bias on Wikipedia , also known as the Wikipedia gender gap , refers to the fact that Wikipedia contributors are mostly male, the fact that relatively few biographies on Wikipedia are about women, and the concept that topics of interest to women are less well-covered. Among contributors to the English Wikipedia , The gender gap in participation, among other factors, contributes to a lack of female perspective in both scope and coverage across the project. Sue Gardner , then executive director of the foundation, said that increasing diversity was about making the encyclopedia "as good as it could be". Factors the article cited as possibly discouraging women from editing included the "obsessive fact-loving realm", associations with the "hard-driving hacker crowd", and the necessity to be "open to very difficult, high-conflict people, even misogynists". Herring , a professor of information science and linguistics, said that she was not surprised by the Wikipedia contributors' gender gap. Female Male And Female Language

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Moles live a tough life underground. Female moles in particular have evolved an unusual strategy: high levels of the male hormone testosterone. This is an evolutionary advantage. It produces stronger muscles for digging and foraging and aggression, to help mothers defend themselves and their young.

Most of the year, female moles look and behave like males. They have masculinised genitals, with no external vagina and an enlarged clitoris.

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But when mating season comes, testosterone levels drop and a vagina is formed; mating and birth follow. How they accomplish this remained a mystery for a long time. But now, the complete sequencing of the Female Male And Female Language genome has revealed the genetic tweaks underpinning this strange cycle in female moles, by which reproductive organs gonads develop and hormones are produced.

Male development in humans and other mammals is determined by chromosomes the structures within cells https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/culture-and-selfaeesteem/external-analysis-of-disney-environment-analysis.php living things that contain genes.

Females have two copies of an X chromosome.

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Males have https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/gregorys-punctuation-checker-tool/iron-jawed-angels.php single X and a male-specific Y chromosome. SRY turns on testis genes and turns off ovary genes to transform a ridge of cells into a testis. In the testis, one cell type becomes specialised to make sperm and another Leydig cells makes male hormones, including testosterone. Read more: What makes you a man or a woman?

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Geneticist Jenny Graves explains. Testosterone is responsible for the most visible sex differences in males, such as bigger bodies, more muscle Feale, male genitalia and more aggression. In XX embryos, an alternate pathway makes an ovary, which pumps out oestrogen.

So in mammals, different genetic pathways drive the same patch of embryonic tissue to become either an ovary or a testis. Like other male mammals, male moles have a Y chromosome, bearing the SRY gene which directs testis formation. Also like other mammals, female moles lack a Y chromosome.

The ovarian tissue makes eggs and gets larger during breeding, then regresses. The testicular tissue is full of Leydig cells that make testosterone but not sperm. This explains why female moles have male-like genitalia, and are muscular and aggressive.

But how does a patch of testis form in female moles if they have no SRY gene to trigger the process? To look for genetic changes that could allow this to happen, a global consortium of scientists sequenced the entire mole genome. They found no differences between moles and other mammals in the protein products of the Mwle genes involved in sex determination.]